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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 01 | "[++] No more important time than 16th Century of the Reformation. Formed the foundations of our church. (20:16) I. The World Into Which the Reformation Came. A. What is a Reformation? (23:28) B. The Religious Situation in Europe when the Reformation Began. 1. True Christianity was found in many Individuals in Most Parts of Europe. The Reformation was not a discovery of the Gospel. (39) John Wesley. (41:10) Wonderful thing: Gospel preached far more widely than ever before in Northern Europe. But Sad Thing: Counterreformation closed off the Reformationi in Southern Europe. (43) Charles V on his deathbed. (45:53) 2. During the Middle ages supertstitutious accretions to Christianity had greatly developed and seem almost to have completely displaced Biblical teaching. (51:25) Difference between Religion and Magic: Religion is when we bring ourselves in line with the desires and requirements of a higher power; Magic is when we try to force the higher power to do what we want. Superstitions: Vows the Mass. " | 9.9 Mb | 53:08 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 02 | "[++] Superstitions (Cont.) Making Vows: If God will do something for me then I will do something for God. Worship of saints. (02) Mariolatry. (05:00) C. The Ecclesiastical situation in Europe. State church. Denomination Control of churches. (08:19) 1. The Theory of a United Church. Pontifex Maximus. (11:09) 2. The Monastery. Helped to preserved Christianity. (12:32) 3. Hierarchy. First son inherits estate; seond son given position in church. (16:35) a. Pluralism: One person holds multiple titles. (21:08) b. Absenteeism. Cardinals. (24:53) c. Simony: Purchase of Church Offices. (26:00) d. Nepotism. (27:00) 4. The Pope. Claimed supreme religious rule. Secular rule of much of Northern Italy. (32) Counter-reformation delayed 20 years due to disinterest of Pope. Northern European Protestantism saved as result; Southern Europe fell to counter-reformation. (33:36) D. The Political Situation at the Beginning of the Reformation. Theoretical Situation: Roman Empire still existed. Actual Situation: Divided into many principalities. German emperors tried to control Italy and Germany but not actually. Maximillian. At time of reformation (42:27) Charles V elected. One of most prominent characters in history of the reformation. Generally a good type of man. (44:52) E. The Intellectual Situation. 1. The Renaissance. Great outpouring of talent. Reformation came when the renaissance was reaching its peak. disunity of Italy. Many petty princedoms. Stimulated great artistic competition and development. Reflected in many areas of life: architecture gunpowder exploration printing invented just before the reformation. " | 09.6 Mb | 51:51 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 03 | "[++] Review. Sprung up in Medieval church the substitution of magic for Christian Faith. I do this and God will do that. Often used to promote tithing. (02:45) Outstanding example is the Mass. Change into body and blood of Christ. Reformation involve a separation of magic from worship. (04:32) Counter-reformation. (05:27) Council of Trent. Drawing up the battle lines. (08:33) The Jesuites (The Company of Jesus). Drove Protestantism out of Poland stopped in France. (12:21) About time of American Revolution the Pope declared the Jesuites disbanded but he died shortly after. (28:16) V. Great Britain in the 16th Century. A. Importance of the Subject. 1. Relation to Ourselves. 2. Its eventual Great Influence. (31:00) 3. Wonderful illustrations of God's providence. (33:30) B. Beginning of the English Reformation. 1. John Wycliffe (1320-1384). 2. Lollards. (37:17) 3. John Colet. Direct influence on Erasmus. Led to Greek NT. 4. The Influence of Martin Luther. Cambridge U. reading of Luther. Latimer. (40:22) 5. William Tyndall. Moved to Netherlands. Translated Bible into English. (46:03) C. The Activities of Henery VIII. reign 1509-1547. 1. The Character of Henry VIII. Able domineering charming. Failed utterly in his foreign activities. " | 09.6 Mb | 51:28 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 04 | [+~] Review King Henry VIII. More interesting than Henry the Wise. Martin Luther not Henry VIII was responsible for Church of England. (02:10) 2. Henry's early attitude toward Martin Luther. Henry wrote Book Defense of the Seven Sacraments. Pope Leo X gave Henry title Defender of the Faith. Change in Henry's attitude towards Martin Luther. (05:58) 3. The problem of the Divorce. a. Why Henry wanted a divorce. Arranged political marriages. (13:39) Concern about not having a son to achieve stability in the nation. (14:18) Anne Boleyn. (19:25) 4. Thomas Cramner. (25:04) Wrote that there was no reason the Pope should have authority over the English Church. (30:22) The Great Bible. (37:17) 7. Henry Declared to be head of the English Church. Parliament declared that No-one should appeal to a foreign ruler. (40:22) Running short of money. Seized monestaries. (42:43) Coverdale completed Tyndale translation of the Bible. (48:38) B. Reign of Edward VI 1547-1558. King at age 10. Son of Jane Seymore. Loved Protestantism. Loved Cramner. Repealed laws for burning heretics. Cramner wrote English Book of Prayer. Succeeded by Mary. Catholic. Cramner denied everything he had previously done. (53:43) But then repudiated what he had done. Burned at stake. | 10.3 Mb | 55:34 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 05 | "[++] Review: Life and Times of Martin Luther A. Luther before the Reformation began. 4. Luther received peace of heart. (01:43) 5. The Trip to Rome Oct 15 1510 to Feb 15 1511 Age 27. (11:14) 6. The University at Wittenburg. (14:04) 97 Theses. (19:00) Albert of Brandenberg. (27:46) B. 2. Tetzel. Selling Indulgences. 3. Luther's contact with the Indulgence Traffic. (41:04) 4. The posting of the 95 Theses. All Saints day Oct. 31. (42:34) Spread of the 95 theses. (48:28) C. The Reformation from 1518 to 1520. 1. Why Luther was not quickly silenced. Providence of God. a. Widespread Sympathy with the views that Luther expressed. (53:18) b. Slowness of the Papacy to realize the seriousness of the situation. c. Luther himself did not realize where things were leading. " | 10.7 Mb | 54:44 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 06 | "[++] Review: Reformation 1518-1520. a. Widespread Sympathy with what Luther Expressed. (04:00) b. The Slowness of the Papacy to realize the seriousness of the situation. Most interested in own welfare and pleasures enlarge territories. Leo X did not take Luther seriously. (07:49) c. Luther himself did not realize where things were leading. At beginning the aim was to point out certain errors such as indulgences. Gradually clarified his views. (11:34) d. Unwillingness of the Elector (= right to vote for HRE emperor) to see his leading professor killed. Frederick the Wise. Important factor in success of the Reformation. (21:29) e. The overshadowing importance of the election of an emperor. Maximilian died. Who would be the next emperor? (24:24) 2. The first attempts to silence Luther. a.Meeting at Heielberg. Apr-May 1518. Call for all Augustinian leaders to meet. Presented views. Martin Bucer (Butzer) a Dominican heard Luther and was impressed. b. The Master of the Palace (an official in Rome). (28:52) c. John Eck. Prof. in S. Germany. Wrote the Obelisks"showing that Luther's theses were wrong. d. Cardinal Thomas DeVio (Cajetan). Fine scholar. went to Augsburg. Frederick asked for safe conduct. Cardinal refused to discuss matters. (38:13) e. The Bull of Nov. 9 1518. Pope issued a Bull declaring that the Pope had the right to issue indulgences. f. Charles von Miltitz. German noble in Papal household. Talked to Tetzel. Talked to Luther. Agreed to keep quiet provided the other side did. Agreed Miltitz will ask pope for an interview with a learned bishop. (24:29) 3. The Development of Luther's Thought. What in the church is superstitious? New development undid everything. (45:14) 4. The Leipsig Debate. John Eck asked for debate. (46:14) a. John Bodenstein of Carlstadt. Shocked at Luther's teaching. But then saw Luther was right. Began writing material supporting Luther but went beyond. Eck/Carlstadt debate. b. Ecks Challenge. c. Arrival in Leipzig. Duke George host. Eck demolished Carlstadt's arguments. d. The debate itself. Luther took over debate. Pushed Luther to say the Pope may be wrong and Church councils can be wrong. Debate sent to University of Paris to decide who won the debate. Effect was to force Luther to clarify his view that the Bible is the one source of Christian knowledge." | 10.2 Mb | 52:48 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 07 | "[++] Leipsig Debates. (00:46) d. The debate itself. The Scripture the only authority in divine things. (05:30) The results of the debate. Spread over Germany. Atagonism against Eck. (07:40) Two lines of development: 5. Papal Bull. a. The deliberations at Rome. Declaration against Luther. 41 Luther propositions condemned. 60 days to recant. (14:38) b. Promulgation of the Bull June 15 1520. Many German universities refused to receive the bull c. Luther's attitude. Willing to stand by scripture and suffer consequences. d. Burning of the Bull Dec. 10 1520. Luther notice to burn the bull and copy of canon law and declared that they were contrary to the Word of God and should have no authority over God's people. (19:03) 6. Luther's writings in 1520. a. On the Liberty of the Christian Man. Contains the whole sum of the Christian life."sent it to the Pope. If he has faith he has all; if he has not faith he has nothing."b. Appeal to the German Nobles. Long treatise about how their country is being bled by the Roman Church. Calls on them to declare freedom from that. c. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church. The Roman claim of Seven Sacraments. Only Baptism and the Lord's supper are established by scripture. The others are human inventions. (26:50) d. Other writings of 1520. Devotional messages to the ill Elector. e. The withdrawal of Staupitz (Augustinian leader). (31:25) D. The Diet of Worms. New Emperor present. 1. The Emperor Charles V. Grandson of Maximillian. (43:34) 2. Aleander the Papal Nuncia. 3. Luther Summoned and given Safe Conduct. (46:21) 4. The Trip to Worms. (48:44) 5. The First Appearance before the Diet. " | 10.0 Mb | 51:29 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 08 | "[++] 6. Second Appearance Before the Diet. (04:47) 7. The Emperor's Declaration. 8. Luther's Departure. (11:22) 9. The Edict of Worms. (12:26) 10. Luther's Disappearance. Armed men seized Luther. Albrecht Dƒrer wrote in his diary on May 17 (13:49) I know not whether he yet lives or is murdered but in any case he has suffered for the Christian truth. . . . If we lose this man who has written more clearly than any one who has lived for one hundred and forty years may God grant his spirit to another. . . . His books are to be held in great honor and not burned as the Emperor commands but rather the books of his enemies. O God if Luther is dead who will henceforth expound to us the gospel ? What might he not have written for us in the next ten or twenty years? His books are to be held in great honor."[Preserved Smith Life and Letters of Martin Luther p. 120] Aleander. (15:07) E. The Wartburg. Elector gave oders to have Luther hidden. In Wartburg castle May 1521-March 1522. (20:07) 1. Luther's Activity at the Wartburg. 2. His writings. a. Wrote series of sermons for Easter. b. Discussions of theological subjects. (22:31) 3. Began translation of New Testament. Invented a common German language that would be understandable throughout Germany. 4. An Extensive Correspondence. (30:27) Wrote to Archbishop Albert in December. (39:01) 5. Developments in Wittenburg. (46:06) 6. Return to Wittenberg. " | 9.5 Mb | 50:50 | Church History |
| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 09 | "[++] Review. Luther leaving the Wartburg. (01:42) F. Luther in Wittenburg 1522-1523). 1. Week of Ferment. Agitators who call themselved Prophets. (11:06) 2. Cessation of the tumult. Luther talked with the prophets". (13:05) 3. Luther's continued activity. Interested in training of young. Establish schools. Convinced that Vows of celibacy wrong. Most people should enter into normal married life. Many left monasterys and convents. Many moved to Wittenberg. (18:44) Luther letter about this. (21:53) 4. Pope Adrian VI. (27:00) 5. The Diet at Nuremberg. a. Duke George's complaint. (29:38) b. The Pope's letter. Luther had the letter printed. c. Attitude of the Diet. (33:00) 6. Spread of Luther's teaching. Distributed books and pamphlets with illustrations for the common people. Popular books with vivid pictures. (39) Phillip of Hesse. (39:41) c. Imperial cities. Correspondence with George and (44:42) King Henry VIII. 1521 wrote book attacking Luther An Assertion of the Seven Sacraments". how rotten his mind how execrable his work."Luther wrote a reply By God's ungrace the King of England". (49:12) Knights revolt. Claimed to be following Luther's teachings. (50:32) G. The Peasants' War (1524-1525). Luther struck out in three different directions. " | 9.7 Mb | 52:20 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 10 | "[++] Knights' Uprising. (01:35) G. Peasants' War (1524-1525). Luther sometimes outspoken. (04) Used very strong language. (15:09) Phillip of Hesse. (19) John new Elector of Saxony. (19:58) Luther's attitude towards it. Wrote publication to try to quieten the turmoil. Urged the Lords to remedy the abuse. Used strong language against the thieving peasants". Then wrote to the Lords urging not to use cruelty. Urged justice righteousness and kindness. Opposed bloodshed and violence. Use if necessary but not go beyond. But used very strong language. (26:15) H. Luther's Marriage. 1. Luther's Attitude. Celibacy is wrong. The normal state is marriage. (27:52) 2. Catherine von Bora. (31:58) J. Political Events 1525-1529. 1. Attitude of Clement VII (1523). (37:53) 2. The Emperor's troubles. (40:27) 3. The two Diets of Speyers. 1526 Diet. The Recess of Speyers. Every Lord should so act in religious matters as he could answer to God and to the Emperorer. Each Lord determine the religion in his territory. (43:52) 1529 Diet. Romanists in majority. Protest: One diet cannot annul the conclusion of another diet. Called a protest. Leading to term protestant. (49:34) K. Luther and Erasmus. 1. Erasmus' early attitude. Influenced by John Culet. Wrote In Praise of Folly. " | 9.9 Mb | 52:47 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 11 | "[++] Review: Correction 1. Accession of Clement VII. K. Luther and Erasmus. (04:25) 2. Events. Erasmus inclined toward Luther's attitudes but didn't want to have conflict. Wrote Diatribe on the Freedom of the Will". Luther responded with The Bondage of the Will."Luther tends to use extreme language. (14:15) The Marburg Colloquy. 1. Zwingli. Switzerland. Came to much same conclusions as Luther. Zurich. Wrote Book. Bread and Wine are only symbols. (30:48) Luther shocked. Luther & Zwingli invited by Phillip to Marburg to discuss beliefs. Agreed on all but one point: the Communion. (32:38) Zwingli: We do not feed upon Christ except in a spiritual sense. Lurther: Jesus said This is my Body."Could not come to agreement. Wrote statement. The Marborg Colloquy. 15 point. Agreed on 14 1/2. Agreed on falsity of transsubstantiation but could not agree on the significance of the elements. This is the one point dividing Lutheran and Reformed. [38:04] M. The Diet of Augsburg. 1530. 1. The Emperor's Purpose. Charles. Desired to get leaders of Reformation and Roman Church together. 2. Luther at fortress of Coburg. Required Safe Conduct to go to Augsburg. Everyone except Luther. (45:39) 3. Melancthon. Luther's closest friend. Went in place of Luther who did not go. 4. Augsburg Confession. Written by Melancthon. Read at the Diet in front of the Emperor. Melancthon desired unity and so did not write the doctrines in a way to contrast with the Roman Church. A concessive document. Used language the Romanists use but that could be interpreted in the Protestant way. Tended not to include points of confliction. Given a year to return to Rome. But the Turks prevented the Roman leaders from carrying out their desires. " | 09.9 Mb | 52:09 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 12 | "[++] Review: M. Diet of Augsburg. The Confession read and then declared completely refuted. Protestants given until April 15 1531 to recant. Then arms directed against them. Began sharp division. Today the primary doctrinal standard of the Lutheran church. (06:20) 5. Political events 1530-1532. a. Schmalkaldic League. Protestant leaders met and agreed to stand together against any attacks. Increased Turkish menace from the Ottoman Empire. (11:00) Luther pamphlet Oct 9 1528 On the Turkish War". Urged support to Emperor in facing the threat. What people say about war being a curse is true. But we must remember how much greater a curse might be avoided by such a war."Charles' eventual success due in part to support of Luther's followers. (14:29) c. The Nuremburg Truce. July 23 1532 between Romanists and Protestants. Agreed to follow the first Speyer agreement -- not interfere with the principalities. Many protestants joined Emperor's army to fight the Turks. (21:16) N. The Early Spread of Luther's Teaching Outside Germany. 1. England. a. Henry VIII. Able to have more influence and had the character to have influence. 2 families claimed legitimacy. House of Lancaster House of York. Civil War. PA cities Lancaster and York. Henry VII combined the houses. Henry VIII was the son of a King so he had the right to be king. Person of rare charm. Also wicked. Unsuccessfully tried to gain international presence. (30:42) b.Luther's writings. Entered England very early. c. Defender of the Faith 1521. d. Tyndall. Tyndall fled to continent. Printed Bible in English. Tyndall seized burned at the stake Lord Open the King of England's Eye."e. Henry's desire for a divorce. Asked Pope for annulment. Refused. Henry changed views. Woolsey head of Church. Removed from office and executed. Henry relaxed efforts to prevent Luther's writings come into England. Declared independence from the Pope. (48:21) 2. Scotland. Patrick Hamilton. Spread Biblical Message Burned at the stake in February 1528. 3. the Netherlands. (Belgium and Holland). " | 10.1 Mb | 51:49 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 13 | "[++] Review. Luther teaching spread widely. 4. Sweden. a. Union of Kalmar. before reformation. 1397 Sweden Norway Denmark under Denmark rule. Beginning of 16thC argument with archbishop. b. Bloodbath 1520. Local Sweden ruler practical independence from Denmark. Christian II of Denmark attacked Sweden. Amnesty offer to nobles of Sweden. 3 day banquet. At end many arrested and executed. (07:29) c. Gustavus Vasa (1523-1560) was away at this time returned and worked to rouse peasants. Gathered force defeated Danish garrisons. 1523 crowned as King of Sweden. (10:35) d. Petri. Studied with Luther. Preached reformation in Sweden. King protected him. Translated Bible into Swedish. e. Diet of 1527. Meeting held of Swedish leaders. Church objected to the protestant preaching. King Gustavus threatened to resign. Then the Diet judged that Gustavus was needed. The action was reversed. Gustavus brought back. Carried out reforms. Lived to 1460. Confiscated church land as vacancies came about. (15:25) 5. Denmark. a. Nearness to Germany. b. Corruptness of clergy. Particularly corrupt in Denmark and Scotland. c. Tausen leader of reformation in Denmark. d. Attitude of Christian II. Saw opportunity and sent to Luther to teach reformation in Denmark. 1523 driven out and uncle Frederick I (1523-1532) installed. (19:31) e. Peterson's New Testament in Danish. f. Debates in 1530. between Luther's representatives and local clergy (corrupt). Son Christian III devoted to reformation. Protestant church established. In Sweden change came gradual. In Denmark change rapid from clashes with the church. Danish church makes no claim to Apostolic succession. Moral level raised to high level in both nations. (26:03) 6. Poland. Sad story. Counter-reformation complete. 7. France. LeFevre. Francis I. October 1534. Inflammatory pamphlets about Mass. Francis became persecutor of reformation. (29:37) 8. Switzerland. Zwingli Reformation early start. 9. Italy. Spain held Southern Italy. Counter-reformation. 10. Spain. (32:56) O. Political developments 1532-1544. 1. Emperor's attitude. Wanted one church. Determined to destroy Protestantism. But willing to make concessions to have unity. 2. New Pope Clement VII died 1534. Paul III. Determined to recover Church control. Beginning of counter-reformation. 3. Conferences on religion. Romanist and Protestant champions. Crystalized differences between then. Melanchton and Calvin participated. (36:14) 4. Change in Ducal Saxony. Duke George. Bitter enemy of reformation. Died and Henry became ruler and invited Luther in. (41:09) 5. Peace of Crecy 1544. Emperor made peace with French. 6. Emperor finds opportunity to crush Protestantism. But teachings of Protestantism too engrained. (43:06) P. Luther's church-building activities. 1. Bible Translation. 2. Hymns. 3. Catechisms. 4. Visitations. Visit different churches talk to priests see if whether they understood the Gospel. 5. Luther's health. as early as 1523 dizziness ringing in ears kidney stones gout rheumatism. 6. Personal influence. Legate's visit. Converted and became apostate". Later fled and became protestant. Luther's Table Talk. " | 10.1 Mb | 51:45 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 14 | "[++] Review. P. Luther's churchbuilding activities. (04:46) Table talks. Recollections. Context missing. (08:04) The Book of James. Two statements from the table talk. Oh the book of James I throw that into the Tiber."The book of James is an epistle of straw."How did he come to make these statements and what did he mean by them? 6. His personal influence. Legate of the Pope in the end became a protestant. (14:17) 7. Luther's attitude on Church Government. Two antipodes: Order and Freedom. Carried to extreme Freedom leads to anarchy and Order leads to Tyranny. Tyrannys collapse eventually. Similar antipodes in church polity. (21:54) Luther's attitude was one of lack of interest. Result is no system of church government developed. So control fell into the hands of the government. Most Lutheran churches in reformation countries became state churches. (26:38) Phillip of Hesse. Worked out a system of church government. Luther disinterested. So church came under control of the state government. (33:01) Q. The Bigamy of Phillip of Hesse. Problem of divorce. Immorality common among the ruling class. (40:30) R. Luther's last years. Died 1546. 1. Activities. Bad health. 2. Disappointment. Many followed him whose lives were not sanctified. 3. Renewed sacramentarian controversy. Luther raged against Calvin. Pope of Wittenberg. (49:13) 4. Luther's last work against the Papacy. The Papacy at Rome: a Creation of the Devil". 5. Luther's Death." | 09.7 Mb | 51:22 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 15 | "[++] Review. R. Luther's Last Years. 5. Luther's Death. (11:00) S. The Emperor's success and failure. 1. The Emperor's desires. Desire to have one empire and one unified church. (17:36) 2. The Schmalkaldic War. (21:31) Maurice. Nephew of George. Brought up with Lutheran teachings. (31:37) 3. The Interims. Edict: a religious system for the interim until a general council agrees on religious questions. Maurice (38:49) Magdeburg revolted. Morris beseiged Magdeburg. 4. Maurice's reversal. Killed in battle. (43:00) 5. The Peace of Passau 1552. (46:04) T. The religious peace at Augsburg 1555. Ferdinand representing the emperor met with protestant leaders. Leaders of territories determine beliefs but cannot kill those who refuse to submit but allow them to leave. Two recognized religions in the Empire. Illegal to persecute but could expel them. Imperial cities could determine their religion. " | 10.1 Mb | 53:33 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 16 | [++] T. The Religious peace at Augsburg. (03:01) 3. Ecclesiastical Reservation. (06:49) U. Evaluation of Luther's work. 1. Its supreme importance. Hard to imagine the reformation without Luther. 2. Reasons for Luther's great effectiveness. a. He was a genuinely religious man. (13:12) b. A man of the people. c. He pointed men to the very heart of the Gospel. d. He had a rare ability in expression and presentation. e. His tremendous energy. (17:47) f. His courageous self-denying attitude. g. He was not an extremist. Great regard for established tradition. (25:54) 3. Luther's great emphasis on the three fundamental principles of the reformation. a. The emphasis on the Word of God as the sole guide in religious matters. (32:31) b. Justification by Faith Alone. (38:28) c. Universal Priesthood of Believers. (43:49) 4. Luther's points of weakness. a. Failure to think through the question of the future of the church. What ought the church to be based on the Word? (48:06) b. The question of church government. Unintrested in church governance. Church came under the complete control of the civil government. | 10.1 Mb | 52:23 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 17 | "[++] b. Question of Church Government. (00:13) c. Use of extremely strong language. (02:31) d. The failure to make clear the broad areas of possible unity with sharp borders around this area. (07:52) V. Germany during the 35 years following Luther's death. 1. The Political Situation. Nations in the modern sense had not yet come into existence (except possibly for England). Emporer free cities isolated Swiss cities. (14:58) 2. The religious situation in 1555. a. WIde spread of reformation ideas. (17:37) b. The variety of theological views. Most following Luther tended to speak in very strong language. (23:11) c. The situation in Saxony. Melanchton. (29:13) d. Attitude of the Gnesio Lutherans. We are the real Lutherans."(33:06) 3. Attacks upon Melanchthon. Melanchthon watered down of the doctrines of the sovereignty of God. Moving away from both Calvin and Luther. 4. Spread of the Reformed Churches in Germany. Calvin's writings having great effect. Heidelberg Confession 1562 to bring out the doctrines on the sovereignty of God. (37:08) 5. The turnover in electoral Saxony. (39:03) 6. The Formula of Concord. Clear position against Romanism and against Calvinism. (42:06) 7. The Book of Concord 1580. 50 years after Diet of Augsburg. Standard official statement of Lutheranism. (44:18) Irresistable grace. Predestination. 8. Protestant losses to the Counter-reformation. Splits over these differences gave opportunity to the Counter-reformation. 9. Continuing influence of the Lutheran churches. (49:27) III. John Calvin and his work. A. The relation of Calvin to Luther. 1. Second Generation Reformer. (51:09) 2. Careful exegete and systematizer. 3. Calvin was a scholar who became a practical man. Luther was a practical man who became a scholar. 4. Calvin was a natural leader of men. Not as outgoing as Luther." | 10.1 Mb | 52:16 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 18 | "[++] Review. III. John Calvin and his work. A. Relation of Calvin to Luther. (04:08) 5. A comparison of the teachings of Calvin with those of Luther. a. As to Doctrine. No importance whatever except interpretation of the sacrament of communion. As to the general doctrines of the Reformation. Bible only source of knowledge in religious matters. b. Predestination and divine sovereignty. Luther stronger in his expression but no difference. c. Lord's supper. Opposed to Roman view of a superstitious magical act. Luther insists on eating the actual body of Christ. Zwingli - a figure symbolic. d. Common Grace. Calvin developed this concept: the Spirit exerts common grace on all. Luther did not go into this. (12:51) B. As to the Relation of Church and State. Luther never bothered about it. Calvin viewed the relation of the church to the state as an important aspect of the Christian faith. (21:43) But separate from the state. Church not interfere with the state and the state should not interfere with the church. (23:24) 6. Calvin was not responsible for the division into Lutheran and Reformed. (25:01) B. Beginnings of the Reformation in France. 1. Jacques LefÅvre d'âtaples (1455-1536). Scholar in France. Made translation of Bible into French. 2. The repression. 3. William Farrel. 4. The Placards. 1534 placards over Paris on the wickeness of the mass. Started persecution of protestants. (31:25) C. Beginning of the Reformation in Geneva. William Farrel began preaching in Geneva. City voted to become a reformation city. Geneva a democratic type government. Council of 600. Farrel read Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion (written to Francis I). Invited Calvin to help him. (40:44) John Calvin the wrath of God will rest on you if you don't give me the help that I need here."Calvin and Farrel refused to bow to political pressure. Church and State must be separate. " | 09.3 Mb | 49:20 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 19 | "[++] D. The Early life and Education of John Calvin. (01:26) 2. Education. (03:35) 3. Conversion. 4. first writing. Commentary on Seneca's book Clemency. (07:51) 5. Departure from Paris. Nov. 1533. 6. Psychopannychia. (Soul fruit = soul sleep). Written by Calvin shortly after leaving Paris (Sorbonne). (12:37) 7. Institutes of the Christian Religion. March 1536. Letter to King Francis I of France. Written in Basil. Latin and French. Widely spread throughout Europe. Went to Strassburg. (22:36) 9. Call to Geneva July 1536. Banished April 1838. Returned under pressure of Bern. (30) Calvin stand about getting orders from the political units of Geneva. Left. and went to Strassburg. (33:14) F. Calvin at Strassburg 1538-1541. Happiest days of his life. 1. Call from Bucer at Strassburg (Dominican Monk). Became an important Protestant leader. 2. The Little Church. French church in German city of Strassburg. (38:06) 4. His meetings with Melanchthon. Meetings between protestants and romanists. Melanchthon was representative of Protestants. (38:55) 5. Letter of Cardinal Savolet and Calvin's reply. Savolet a Romanist outstanding character scholar and poet. Wrote a letter to Geneva urging city to return to the Romanists. Asked Calvin to write a reply to Savolet. Geneva printed both Savolet's and Calvin's letters. Sent all over Europe. (45:10) 8. Geneva requests Calvin to return Sept. 1540. (46:57) G. Geneva 1541-1547. Through his efforts the silk industry came to Geneva. John Knox." | 09.9 Mb | 52:41 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 20 | "[++] G. Geneva 1541-1547. 1. Return to Geneva Sept 1541. 32 years age. Chief pastor of Geneva. 2. New ordinances of religion. a. The venerable company. Ministers of Geneva and surrounding area. (03:46) b. The consistory. The laity have an important part in running the church. c. Relation to the civil government. Civil government -- keep the civil matters. Religious life a matter for the church. d. Oversight of individual conduct. (18:37) 3. Recodification of laws and negotiation with Bern. 4. The Psalter. Friend with French poet Marot. Translated many psalms into French. (25:31) 5. Calvin's Commentary. 6. Calvin's Correspondence. 8. Refugees. 9. Civic Help. Introduced silk industry. (32:27) H. Eight years of difficulty 1547-1553. 1. Source of attacks on Calvin. The Patriots and the Libertines. 2. The Servetus affair. Opposed to trinity. Tried convicted and burned at the stake (over Calvin's objections)." | 09.4 Mb | 50:25 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 21 | "[++] J. Calvin's last years (1555-1564). 1. Complete defeat of his opponents. 2. Acceptance of refugees into citizenship. 3. The Academy. (03:32) 4. Calvin's worldwide influence. (09:15) K. The effect in France of Calvin's work. Up to 1547 violent persecution in France. Then stopped. By Francis I's death in 1547 Francis II 1547-1559. More ardent against protestants. But for political reasons was helping Protestants in Germany. In 1559 killed in lists. (19:39) Francis II became king in 1559. His young wife from Guise family. Ardent Romanists. But died from an ear infection. Brother became king (age 9) under Queen Mother Katherine de Medici. (22:45) Charles IX. 1560-1574. Persecution lessened. Many protestant churches formed after Calvin's suggested organization. Individual church freedom. Elder rule. (29:28) Huguenot wars. About 40 years Catholic League trying to wipe out French protestants called Huguenots (nobody knows origin of name). (31:16) Preserved Smith book Age of the Reformation"the picture of the huguenots is familiar to us. Of all the French manhood that of the Huguenots is one of the finest. Gallic gaity is tempered with earnestness... The high standard of morals was recognized even by their enemies."Aug 24 1572 St Bartholomew's massacre. The best leaders were killed. But in the next few years there seemed to be more protestants than before. (37:33) King died 2 years later. 4. Henry of Navarre Henry IV. Political leader of Protestants. Jesuits objected. Controlled Paris. Henry IV became a Romanist. 5. Edict of Nantes. Edict of toleration by Henry IV. Declared Huguenots had liberty anywhere except Paris. (43:01) 6. A half century of comparative toleration. Cardinal Richelieu cut down power of self-defence. 7. Louis XIV. Grandson of Henry IV. King at age of 5 1643. 1685 Revoked Edict of Nantes." | 09.7 Mb | 51:26 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 22 | "[++] L. Survey of Calvin's Accomplishments. 1. System of church government. In all lutheran countries the churches were under the control of the state. System of control by church itself. could not implement fully in Geneva. Remained under control of the state. In France where the church was persecuted and in Scotland they organized the church according to Calvin's system. (07:38) Control over doctrine in hands of men who were theologically trained. Running of church not under control of the ministers but selected by lay members. Came to be called the Presbyterian system. Representative government. Aimed to maintain sound doctrine. (12:46) 2. Development of Sound exegesis. (16:51) The organization of theology. Development of the idea of common grace. (23:11) 5. Training of leaders for many lands. (25:11) M. Exmination of criticisms of Calvin. 1. Calvin was only a coldly logical thinker. 2. His theology is harsh and fatalistic. a. This is not the way to judge a theology. b. This charge is not true. c. A one-sided emphasis is really a perversion of Calvin's view. (32:04) d. On these points there is no difference with Luther e. Falsity is illustrated by the results. (34:53) 3. Criticisms of the Disciplines of Geneva. a. Such a system was not originated by Calvin but regulated by him and urged uniform application. b. Ordinarily not dealing with passive disobedience but with active subversion. c. Actually an action of the state. (39:34) Servetus' condemnation. 1. Servetus not passive but very active opponent. b. Calvin did not originate the idea of punishing heresy. c. All the other protestant leaders expressed agreement with the decision. d. Calvin was not judge or official (he was part of the prosecution). (48:08) e. He approved execution but Calvin opposed the decision to burn Servitus. " | 8.8 Mb | 46:03 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 23 | [++] Review. (01:51) f. The present widespread idea that the preservation of a human life even that of a murderer is more important than anything else has no scriptural basis. (03:58) In most non-christian societies human life is rated very cheap. The attitude of saving life at all cost is not Biblical. (11:01) Attitude of all governments in the time was that murderers should be executed. (13:52) h. The idea of almost complete freedom of speech that has developed in the last three centuries is comparatively recent development unknown in Reformation time and seldom thought of in previous periods. (17:31) j. This idea has great advantages and also great dangers. Bound to lead to disaster if the corresponding responsibility of using this freedom to combat harmful ideas is not fully exercised. (25:02) Counter-reformation won back fully a third of the protestant territory (26:34) A. Origin of the mennonites. 1. Anabaptists. Origin Switzerland and Holland. Many different types. Attitude that the truth was unknown and they discovered it. Symbolized by pouring water over the head. (30:54) b. The great variety of anabaptists. Newman Church History. Names many varieties of anabaptists: Antipaedobaptists Chiliastic anabaptists Biblical anabaptists Mystical anabaptists Pantheistic anabaptists Anti-trinitarian anabaptists. (33:41) 2. The Mƒnster episode. Jan Mathis John of Leiden. took over city. View that the theocratic kingdom established by slaughter of ungodly. Besieged eventually captured. Result was Europeans had view this is what Anabaptists stand for. Hence loathed and great opposition to anabaptists throughout Europe. 3. Menno Simons. Converted priest in Holland. Reacted to Mƒnster by opposite extreme. Complete anti-war and non-resistance. Absolute non-resistance. (43:33) b. Socinianism. Denial of the trinity. Socinus. Uncle and nephew. Greatest influence in Poland. (48:03) C. Beginnings of the Counter-Reformation. 1. Attitudes of the contemporary popes Leo X Adrian VI 1522-1523 and Clement VII 1523-1534. Nepotism. " | 09.8 Mb | 50:41 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 24 | "[++] 1. Attitudes of the contemporary popes. Worldly rulers interested in own pleasures. In 1534-1549 Paul III began to move more energetically against Protestantism. Thru 1555-1569 Paul IV (Caracas) vigorous prosecution. Fully 1/3 of Protestant territory was recovered back to Romanism. (03:02) 2. Reformers within the Roman church. Nepotism. Simony. Paul IV reaction against Nepotism. Two trends. a. Those who leaned towards justification by faith. Some prominent cardinals leaned in that direction. b. The defenders of the medieval superstitions and accretia. (12:57) Bartolome Carranza 1503-1576. Dominican denounced in 1530 for leaning to Erasmus. Represented Emperor at Council of Trent. Made Archbishop of Toledo. Arrested by inquisition. Imprisoned 18 years for being suspected of believing in justification by faith. (17:29) 3. Establishment of the Roman Inquisition 1542. Spanish inquisition has been in place for a long time. (25:27) Index established. Three classes: authors who erred intentionally authors who occasionally erred Anonymous books. List of prohibited material by Erasmus runs over 100 pages. (33:46) 5. The Council of Trent 1545; 1551-1552; 1562-1563. Justification by faith and works together. Bible alone is not the authority. Tradition also authority. Apocrypha added to Hebrew Bible. (46:55) B. The foundation of the Company of Jesus. 1. Ignatius Loyola's early life. Spanish soldier. Wounded. Criipple for life. " | 9.8 Mb | 52:00 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 25 | "[++] [Review] Counter-reformation. Jesuit order shot through with modernism today. Why did not the Jesuits conquer North Germany? Luther had a 23 year head start. Leaders in southern parts were largely against the reformation. The Jesuits succeeded where the ruler gave them help. (11:12) Summary by Preserved Smith: Everyone has noted the immense versatility of the Jesuits and their superficiality. p408 immense versatility of the Jesuits and their superficiality. They produced excellent scholars of a certain rank men who could decipher Latin inscriptions observe the planets publish libraries of historical sources of casuistry and apologetic or write catechisms or epigrams. They turned with equal facility to preaching to naked savages and to the production of art for the most cultivated peoples in the world. And yet they have rarely if ever produced a great scholar a great scientist a great thinker or even a great ascetic. They were not founded for such purposes; they were founded to fight for the church and they did that with extraordinary success. (quotation from Preserved Smith The Age of the Reformation (1920) p. 408). (16:35) V. The Victory of Protestantism in Great Britain in the Sixteenth Century. A. The Importance of this Subject. 1. Relation to ourselves. We are using the English Language. 2. Its eventual great influence.(20:42) 3. Wonderful illustration of God's Providence. (22:06) B. Beginnings of the English Reformation. 1. John Wycliff (1320-1384). (27:11) 2. The Lollards (Followers of Wycliff). 3. John Colet. (30:47) 4. The Influence of Martin Luther. (32:35) 5. William Tyndall (1494-1536). Moved to Germany. Translated the NT from Latin into English. died by strangling. Last words: God Open the eyes of the King of England."(45:18) C. The Activity of Henry VIII (reigned 1509-1547). Edward VI (1547-1553). Mary Tudor (1553-1558). Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Elizabeth made the reformation safe for England. (49:12) 1. The Character of Henry VIII. " | 10.0 Mb | 51:45 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 26 | "[++] In 3rd C. there were three great movements that threatened to become supreme instead of Christianity: Mithraism Neoplatonism Manicheanism.Review: Dates of four English Rulers. (01:25) 1. The Character of Henry VIII. His whims had a tremendous effect on England: Would the reformation take over England? (19:55) 2. Early attitude to Martin Luther. (21:05) 3. The problem of the Divorce. (30:26) 4. Thomas Cramner. Able to twist and squirm in life. Accomplishing what he thought was right. But willing to bend on nonessentials". But wanted Biblical teaching to come to England. Considerable direct influence on Church. Wrote English Prayerbook. (36:21) King asked Cramner to study the issue of Divorce. Toured the continent to talk to theologians. Answer came back: if it was necessary for the stability of England that there be a male heir to the crown it might be worth considering the possibility of having a second wife. While on continent Cramner married niece of one of the Lutheran theologians in Germany. (40:07) 5. The Reformation Parliament Nov. 1529. Continued for 7 years. Declared the King the head of the church. King charged the Church for following a foreigner leader"and fined it. (42:57) Thomas More. (48:09) 6. Henry's marriages to Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour. " | 9.8 Mb | 50:49 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 27 | [++] Review. Henry VIII activities. Reformation Parliament. Sat for 7 years. (13:06) Latimer. Young student Vilney convinced Latimer of Luther's Reformation. Vilney ultimately burned at the stake. Latimer went on to influence England. (18) Anne Boleyn and Jane Seymour. Gave Henry a male heir. Later King Edward VI. Mary and Elizabeth out of favor. (22:24) 7. Henry Declared to be head of the English Church. (23:52) 8. Visitation of the Monestary. Commission sent around to monestaries. Closed smaller monestaries and confiscated the lands. (31:06) 9. Public use of the English Bible. The Great Bible. Written by Tyndall and Coverdale. (33:33) 10. Henry's other wives beheaded. (38:41) 11. Pilgrimage of Grace 1537. A movement against Henry's religious innovations. (40:12) 12. Henry's last years. (43:46) D. Reign of Edward VI 1547-1553. Political conditions help reformation from being destroyed. Son of protestant Jane Seymour. Protestantism in complete control at end. 1. Council of Regency under control of Cramner. Formed new prayerbooks (1549 and 1552). 42 articles of religion -- very protestant. Transsubstantiation denounced. John Knox. | 9.8 Mb | 52:39 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 28 | "[++] Review: D. Reign of Edward VI. Removed strong arm of Henry VIII. Alowed Bible to be distributed. Cramner in his government and guardian of the young King. 1. Council of Regency. Majority were protestants. (07:26) 2. Act to repeal all the laws for killing people for heresy. 3. Prayer Book prepared by Cramner in 1549. Revised in 1552. (12:53) Edward had tuberculosis in last 2-3 years. Henry VIII had designated eldest daughter Mary to follow Edward. Mary hated Cramner above all. (17:58) Plot to prevent Mary being Queen. But plot failed (20:11) E The Reign of Mary 1553-1558. 1. Accession of the Queen. Some protestant leaders fled to the continent. John Knox went to Geneva. (25:43) 2. Re-establishment of Roman Power. Mary determined to re-establish Romanism. Charles V advised her to move slowly. a. The Queen's Marriage. Charles V. offered his Son Phillip II to Mary. The Son loathed her. Many offended by the marriage (lasted only a few months). (29:25) b. The question of former church property.. An important matter that became important for prosperity of protestantism. Much sold to people. Mary said they should be returned to the church. Parliament refused. Pope agreed that the church property would not be interfered with. (32:09) c. Papal Legate Cardinal Pole. Came 2nd year of Mary's Reign. d. The Martyrdom. First a Bible translator Rogers Second BIshop Hooper. Taken to the place he was bishop. Publically burned him. 45 minutes of terrible agony. Altogether about 390 burned at the stake. Latimer publically burned in Oxford. (38:06 e Cramner. Of all people Mary hated Cramner. Cramner signed 7 statements and then recanted. The mass is an idolatry There is nothing in scripture against priests marrying. They then took him out to burn. (44:02) At the stake he said Through fear I signed a statement going against what I believed. This hand I am going to destroy."(46:01) f. The Vistory of English Protestantism under Queen Elizabeth. 1. The Religious Situation. Elizabeth had all of Henry's charm. Highly educated. At ceremony of incarnation she carried a small copy of the Bible in her hand. Romanist ceremonies continued for first few months. (49:46) 2. Problems facing the queen. a. The Bishops were unanimously in favor of Romanism. b. Most Nobility in favor of Romanism and c. Many felt she was not the legitimate queen. But she enabled the protestant leaders to change England to predominantly protestant. The attack that might have happened when she became queen in 1558 was delayed to 1588 with the Spanish Armada. In the interim she secretly built a great naval fleet. " | 9.9 Mb | 52:40 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 29 | "[++] Review. Educated classes largely protestant. Anxious to establish England as a Christian Nation. Bulk of Nobility more devoted to Romanism than the masses. 2 The Problems facing the Queen. a. Romanists viewed her as illegitimate (Spain and Portugal fanatically Romanist; France Romanist; Netherlands in a struggle against Spanish King). b. Faced a divided nation. 3. Religious changes at the beginning of the reign. Elizabeth carried through the past form of government. Next parliament re-enacted that the monarch was head of the church -- by title not by name. Invited clergy to recognize her as head of church. Met with bishops who declared Pope was head of church. Result was all bishops were removed as bishops. Not one who opposed Elizabeth loss his life. Parliament repealed the laws of severe punishment for religious acts. (09:40) a. First steps taken were to establish the Church with Elizabeth as nominal head with Bishops who were willing to recognize her as head. Archbishop was chaplain to her mother. b. Took 42 articles back except for 3 that had to do with anabaptists. The 39 articles remain to today. As Cramner had planned them. Book of Prayer was slightly revised to be not quite so strong against Romanism and to soften statements to not offend Lutheranism or Calvinism. One change Elizabeth made was that no one should change ceremonies without her explicit approval. (15:46) Jesuit order had been established. Next in line after Elizabeth was Mary Queen of Scots. Ardent Roman Catholic. (20:48) 4. Elizabeth's character and upbringing. Elizabeth was prepared to rule. a. Because of her tremendous charm. Secretly built up navy by giving men rewards for sea-faring. Mary given protection in Northern England. Letters showed that Mary was involved in plots. Parliament judged that Mary should be executed. Finally Elizabeth signed the order. Mary was executed in 1587. 1588 Phillip II attacked England with the Spanish Armada. Armada scattered and destroyed. (36:32) Events in Scotland during this period. G. Reformation in Scotland. Patrick Hamilton an Early follower of Luther brought Reformation to Scotland. Burned at the stake in 1528. Others followed. (41:04) young monk John Knox. French fleet attacked and seized Knox and made him a galley slave for 19 months. In Edward VI reign Cramner arranged to release John Knox who returned to England. During Mary Tudor he fled to Geneva and studied under Calvin. Tract Fist blast of the trumpet against the terrible regimen of women"against Mary and Elizabeth of England and Mary Guise Queen of Scotland and two others. Moved to Scotland. Mary of Guise could not resist Scot Nobles. Knox appealed to Queen Elizabeth. She disliked Knox because of the tract but aided Scotland against the French. " | 9.6 Mb | 51:18 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 30 | "[++] Review of Exam question. Why the emphasis on the church at Rome? Because claim is made that the BIshop of Rome is the Divinely appointed head of the church. But if this is so then these heads would have been outstanding leaders in the church. Is this so? (03:23) But in the history of the church up to 400 AD of the 30 men who were most important in activities and leadership not one of them was the Bishop of Rome. (07:38) Review of last lecture. 5. g. Reformation in Scotland and the activity of John Knox. In 1560 Parliament broke with Rome and forbade the mass in Scotland. Rule of Scotland at this time under Mary of Guise. She died just before this action. (14:31) In 1561 Mary (future Mary Queen of Scots now in France) sent word she was coming to Scotland. Negotiated with Phillip II of Spain to marry his son. Knox objected to it. Phillip's son married another person. Married Darnley. Knox disapproved. (31:17) Darnley killed in explosion. Many thought Mary was complicit in his death. Parliament forced her off the throne. Fled and went to England for asylum. Constantly involved in plots against Elizabeth. (39:56) James Mary's son crowned king of Scotland. The Black Laws. James opposed to presbyterian church governance. James I united Scotland and England by becoming King of England. (48:15) H. The rise of Puritanism in England during the reign of Elizabeth. (51:04) 1. The Origin of the name. Wanted to purify the church service from forms and ceremonies." | 9.7 Mb | 51:37 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 31 | "[++] Review. If not for Elizabeth's activity protestantism may not have survived in England. H. Rise of Puritanism. (05:06) 1. Origin of the name. People who wanted to purify the services by eliminating forms and ceremonies and elaborate vestments. Bible the vital thing but not ceremonies. (11:02) Elizabeth objected.Ruled that no ceremony may be dropped except as the law permits change. (12:34) John Foxe. Wrote Foxe's Book of Martyrs"particularly martyrs under Mary Tudor. Widely distributed. (14:23) 2. Archbishop Parker. Elizabeth's Mother's Chaplain. Made Archbishop. (15:18) Elizabeth's private chapel was more formal than allowed in the other churches. (17:04) 3. The Bishop's Bible as an attempt to offset the Geneva Bible. Geneva Bible one of best translations made. Lots of strongly Puritan and Calvinistic footnotes.. Against human interference with the Word of God. Elizabeth disliked the footnotes and demanded a new translation -- the Bishop's Bible -- and that it be used in the church. Sos the churches had to read from the Bishop's Bible but the people used the Geneva Bible in their homes. Called the Britches Bible because when Adam and Eve fell they sewed britches". One edition called the printer's Bible"has a typsetting error: Princes have persecuted me"miswritten printers have persecuted me". The great bulk of English people used the britches Bible. (21:29) Bishop's Bible had to be used in the church. (22:28) 4. The Prophesying. Leaders began to gather at intervals to discuss assigned texts. Forbidden to discuss anything else. Intended to educate the ministers. Elizabeth banned them. (25:15) 5. Archbishop Grindall. Close friend of archbishop Parker. Wrote Elizabeth defending the Prophesyings. She confined him to his palace for the next 6 years when He died. (29:04) 6. Archbishop Whitgift. Prof Cartwright (Cambridge) wrote on the Biblical arrangement in the church. The authority of leadership should reside in the people and elect elders who cooperate in running the church. The ministers should gather together to supervise the churches in an area. The civil government should not direct doctrine but to protect the church. Whitgift put him out of his professorship. (33:38) Robert Browne. 7. The Browneings. The Government has no right to determine what the church is to be. The Church is made up only of people who have professed belief in Christ. Imprisoned. Went to Holland. Wrote Reformation without Tarrying for Any." Browneings later called Congregationals. (37:00) 8. The Religious situation at the end of Elizabeth's reign. 9/10 of people definitely protestant. James VI of Scotland became James I of Scotland. (40:58) J. Situation at the end of the 16th Century. England strongly protestant. Spain no longer the great enemy of Protestism. Henry IV protestant joined Rome. produced Edict of Nantes to outlaw religious persecution. Holland had stood firm under persecution. Belgum controlled by Jesuits Holland had freedom and strong calvinistic beliefs. Germany Peace of Augsburg. Northern 2/3 protestant. Southern German and Austria moving Romanist because of Jesuit activity. (47:12) VI. The 17th Century. A. Great Britain in first third of 17th Century. 1. Beginning of the reign of James I 1603-1625. Called The wisest fool in Christendom". As a king he was a hopeless failure. When he arrived in England presented with The Millenary Petition. Asked James to remedy some things in the church." | 9.4 Mb | 50:47 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 32 | "[++] Review. James I 1. Character of the King. Son of Mary Queen of Scots. Two character aspects. a. Sholarly training. Greatest writer that sat on the throne. b.Desire to have complete power and authority. While in Scotland struggled with the Church over control. Ended with amicable agreement with church having control. (04:25) The Millinary petition. (represented the desires of 1000 ministers). Desired certain changes -- less emphasis on ceremony and costume more on preaching. King said he'd like to meet and discuss. (05:53) c. The Hamptom Court Confront. Jan 14 1604. Tudor palace. 3 day meeting. Specified who would be present. 19 top officials who had been selected by Elizabeth and 4 able scholars. Wakeman The Church and the Puritans". Second Day King became prosecutor and opponent of the Puritans. If there is no bishop there will be no king. I will harry you out of the land."(14:42) 2. The King James Bible. a. Previous history of the English Bible. (1) Bede and Alfred. Venerable Bede 8th C AD. Translated Bible into Gothic. Alfred a century later. Good latin scholar. Personal effort to translate the Psalms. (22:40) (2) 14th C AD. Wycliff. Oxford scholar. Started with Revelation. Then other parts. First complete translation of the Bible into English. From Latin Vulgate. Soon condemned by the church. He was condemned. 1408 Convocation of province of Canterbury of Oxford. Enacted condemnation against the translation. Declared that no body make a translation publicly or privately or read one. It is a dangerous thing. 170 manuscript copies preserved to this date 1420-1450 mostly after the condemnation. Lollards followers of Wycliff at the time of Reformation. (29:56) (3) Tyndall. Wrote Bible. Used Erasmus' Greek text. A great part o the merit of the KJV comes from Tyndall. Many of his words used in KJV. Fled London did most of the work on the Continent. Pursued by people opposed to the work. Went to Worms which was now protestant. Thomas More attacked the translation. But Tyndall got the whole NT translated and most of OT. Then seized in Belgium in 1536 he was strangled and burned His last words were God Open the eyes of the King of England."The King's attitude was greatly changed. Made Cramner head of the church. Result was that even before Tyndall died they had half-hearted permission to have the Tyndall Bible in England. Tyndall sent a special copy to Anne Boelyn dedicated to Queen Anne. (40:55) (4) Coverdale Bible. Not great like Tyndall not as heroic a life. Made a translation. Cramner let Coverdale's translation be brought into England and distributed. First translation freely distributed in England. (5) Matthews Bible. Rogers (later burned at the stake) prepared a Bible under the name Matthews. Took Tyndall's translations and added Coverdale's translation of the parts missing from Tyndalls. Dedicated to the King and new Queen Jane Seymore. Cramner wrote to Cromwell and said he had a fine translation. Would he get the King to approve it. So the Matthew Bible was distributed and thus Tyndall's translation entered circulation. (46:03) (6) The Great Bible. King passed a law that every church should put up a Bible in the largest form in every church. Based on Matthews Bible. Prepared in Paris. King asked King of France to permit publication in Paris. 7 Issues between 1539-1541. The inquisition seized copies but the printers escaped to England and this was the start of printing in England. Shortly after this Henry started to persecute the protestants but the Bible was not removed. At coronation: Here are three swords: swords of England Scotland and Wales. Edward VI replied there is a fourth swrod the sword of the Word of God."In his reign renewed efforts at translation. " | 9.6 Mb | 51:48 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 33 | "[++] Review. (7) The Taverner Bible. about 1540. (8) Henry's Last Years. Swung back vigorously to his earlier views. Persecuted protestantism again. (9) Edward VI. Son of Jane Seymore. Reigned age 10 to age 16. Cramner had full freedom during this period. The fourth sword quote. Hereditary Nobles tended to recognize the Pope again when Queen Mary came on. Cramner studying Calvin and swung largely from Luther. (09:41) 10. The Reign of Mary. 1553-1558. Tried to bring back to Rome. 2000 church leaders (out of 6000) fled to the Continent. Many studied under Calvin. Latimer burned at the stake. (12:46) 11. The Geneva Bible. Made by exiles in Geneva during Mary's reign. Many footnotes which took strong anti-papal stand and strong presbyterian stance -- the people direct the church. Became the popular Bible of the English world until about 1650. (15:59) 12. Bishop's Bible 1571. (18:54) 13. Rheims (NT) and Douai (OT) Versions. Romanist refugees from England. Translated from the Latin Vulgate. (39:08) b.The production of the King James Version. (1). King James's part. He was a thoroughly convinced Calvinist. He had the background to do this well. He made plans to make a good translation. Six companies of scholars. (41:40) (2) Selection of the Company. Universities made recommendations and James selected the ones based on scholarship and fitness to the task. Unanimity that the Bible is God's Word and free from error. All prominent scholars except one: Boughton recognized as the best Hebrew scholar. But nobody could work with him. Not on the committee. Familiar with Jewish scholarship -- talmud. (46:09) (3) The Plan of Work. 6 companies. 2 at Oxford 2 at Cambridge 2 in London (Westminster). Each makes a translation and then meet together to compare. ((49:22) (4) Instructions. James gave specific instructions. One point not wise: the Bishop's Bible is to be the foundation. Luther's translation was included as well as all of the English translations (but not the Rheims-Douay). Excellent work. " | 9.7 Mb | 51:21 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 34 | "[++] Review. B. Production of the King James Version. (1) King James's part. (2) Selection of the Company (3) The Plan of Work. Nobody questioned their loyalty to God men who thoroughly believed the Bible. Style of KJV is a bit antiquitated even at that time. (10:32) (4) Instructions. On the whole very good. English Prayer book used psalms from the Great Bible until 1661 when the KJV was substituted except the Psalms still used the Great Bible to this day. (13:09) 5. General excellence of the work. One of finest of any language. (20:48) c. Reasons for the excellence of the KJV. (26:21) (1) The Character of the Scholars. (27:40) (2) The Background of a century of study of the original Greek and Hebrew. (28:53) (3) The Background of 80 years of effort in translating from Greek and Hebrew. The biggest job in translation is not understanding what the original text means but in finding a way to get that idea into your language in a similar number of words. (35:43) 3. James' relation with the churches. a. James' relation with the Roman Catholics. He wanted to move towards greater tolerance to Roman Catholics but set back by a group of Roman Catholic Nobles who wanted to make England Roman Catholic and maded a plan to blow up Parliament and the King. Gunpowder plot. Got room in basement and put in several tons of gunpowder. Probably would have succeeded but one or two men received letters urging them to not be at the opening day at Parliament. They turned it over to the Government so a search found the gunpowder. Eight nobles involved in the plot were hung. Resulted in harsher policy against the Catholics than perhaps James would have desired. (41:19) b. Archbishop Bancroft. Tried to make church completely under control of the King. Strong repression of efforts to make the Church centered on the Bible. (43:00) c. Archbishop Abbot 1610-1633. The history of the century would have been much different if not for this archbishop. Believed in royal supremacy. Thorogoing Calvinist. Repression of the puritans lifted for 5-8 years. Afterward James tried to go around him. Last 10 years he was largely ignored. (48:17) d. Relation to Scotland. Andrew Melville followed John Knox. For 30 years great leader of Scotland. James established the Black Laws to control the church but not successful: the elders remained in control. Melville accused of high treason. not allowed to return to Scotland. " | 9.9 Mb | 50:50 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 35 | "[+] Review. Got Melville out of the way. In 1520 James travelled to Scotland to try to get the churches more under control. (00:42) e. The Synod of Dort (Dordre). Arminianism. Movement against Calvinism. 4 English representatives sent from England. Arminians came to hold top positions of the church. (03:47) f. The Book of Sports (1618). On Sunday play games. (04:45) g. Rise of William Laud. Archbishop. Opposed to Puritanism. AngloCatholic. Viewed Church of England like the Church of Rome. Apostolic succession. Ceremonies. Opposed fellowship with Protestant churches of the Continent. (15:01) 4. Charles I 1625-1649. A. First Third of reign. Determined to carry on as James. Called Parliament which declared that the King had no right to seize and imprision or levy taxes without Parliament's approval. He dismissed parliament. Moved towards absolutism. Many puritans in universities but King taking over control of the church. Heading towards an explosion. (24:04) B. Continental Europe in first half of the 17th Century. Henry King of France. Edict of Nance. Guaranteed freedom from persecution. Reformed Church of France one of great churches. But Jesuits had the training of the King's children. Richeleau. (36:05) Netherlands (Belgium and Holland) revolted. Split into Holland under strong Protestant leadership but religious toleration. Belgium under Jesuit control. 12 year truce with King of Spain. 1. Rise of Arminianism and of opposition to it. (42:08) In England the term became to mean anything against Calvinism. (43:52) Thirty-Years War 1618-1642. Effort of Jesuit forces to eradicate Protestantism from Europe. Conquered Austria Bohemia. Lutherans did not help the protestants at first because they viewed them as Calvinists. But towards the end they saw it was an attack on protestantism so joined in. Sweden played important role. Peace of Augsburg extended so Calvinism is recognized as well as Lutheranism. " | 8.8 Mb | 47:27 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 36 | "[++] VI. Church History of 17th Century. 4. Charles I 1625-1649. A. First third of reign. B. Continental Europe in first half of the 17th Century. 1. Rise of Arminianism (04:43) a. The Successors of Calvin. Calvin and Luther agreed on theology except Lord's Supper and the doctrine of Common Grace. (06:25) b. Beza and Gomar. Beza reformation leader who followed Calvin but laid a heavier stress than Calvin. Gomar from Holland went beyond Beza to a view erroneously called supra-lapsarianism. There are certain things we know but our knowledge is incomplete. If we have certain definite facts it is interesting to see how they fit together. These men drew conclusions beyond what Luther and Calvin taught and beyond what Scripture clearly teaches. Scripture clearly teaches that God is sovereign and that he is not the author of sin. (10:25) God permits man to sin. God never rejoices when man sins and truly sorrows at Man's sin and truly desires that man should repent and turn from his sin. Whether Gomar actually believed that God created the wicked for his own glory that he could glorify himself by punishing them eternally in Hell or not but there were some who have held such a view a definitely unscriptural view and has driven people away from accepting the great teachings of Calvin. The wicked will cry in Hell through all eternity for the greater glory of God."There is no such teaching in Scripture. (13:36) c. Supra- and Infra-lapsarianism. Supralapsarian view: God determines to create and bring into existence those who would love him and enjoy him forever those who would love and fellowship with God through all Eternity. But also gave Humans a spirit that could voluntarily choose to follow him or to disobey him. Therefore there is the possiblity that they would disobey him. In the infra-lapsarian view after the fall God determines to save some of humanity. The superlapsarian view falsely understood can pass over into the Gomar view that God created the wicked. (18:48) d. Jacob Hermensen (Arminius). Dutch theologian who studied with Beza an became colleague of Gomar. Latinized his name to Arminius. Tried to defend God from accusation of being a tyrant. He said that God pre-destined from all eternity all those who will be saved but he knew what everyone would do and so he predestined those who are willing to believe in Christ he selected to predestine to salvation. Gomar attacked him for this view. Many in Holland followed Armenius' view. (23:53) e. The Remonstrants. Those who followed Arminus. Five articles of Arminianism. 1. That God before the foundation of the Earth determined those who would believe and to leave the incorrigible in sin and under his wrath. 2. Jesus died for all men and every man. Yet only the believers enjoy the benefits of his sacrifice. 3. Man has not saving grace of himself. Man can neither think will or do anything that is truly good. He must be born of Christ in order to rightly will what is truly good. 4. This grace of God is the beginning and accomplishment of good. The regenerate man without that awakening can neither think will or do good or withstand temptation to evil. 5. Those in ChrIst have full power to fight and win the victory under the grace of Christ. They cannot be misled by any craft of Satan. This is the perseverence of the saints. Apparently point 5 says we do not know if they can persevere. (31:34) f. The Synod of Dort 6 months from the Fall of 1616. Called by the government of Holland. Invited all but Lutherans. Germany France Englnd Holland. Rejected the Remonstrance but did not adopt the Gomar view. Anti-remonstrance position. 5 articles in answer (Warfield's summary in parentheses). 1. Of Divine Predestination. (Absolute predestination) 2. of the Death of Christ and the redemption of man thereby. (Particular Redemption). 3. Of the corruption of Man. (Total Depravity.) 4. Of his coversion to god and the manner thereof. (Irresistible Grace.) 5. Of the Perseverence of the Saints. (Perseverence of the Saints.) (36:16) g. The later development of Arminianism. Followers of Arminius went far beyond Armenius. Nearly to Pelagianism. The followers of Remonstrants went way beyond the original Remonstrants. (40:31) h. The Five points of Calvinism. (parentheses above). TULIP. " | 9.7 Mb | 51:35 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 37 | "[++] This Semester's theme: Development of the Church in the English-speaking world. (03:35) 2. Reformed Church in France. By 1560 the reformed church was a strong movement. But 1560-1595 war after war was fought between the protestant and catholic forces. (06:17) Henry of Navarre 1598 Edict of Nantes. Protestants will have full rights. Permitted to have small garrisons. 100 towns had these garissons. (14:33) Protestant church stagnated. Son Louis XIII. (17:01) Richeleu one of most capable political leaders. Set to work to make the King supreme in France and to make France supreme in Europe. Had suppor of the protestants but viewed them as a state within a state and moved against the garrison armies. 1629 Edict of Grace repeated the Edict of Nantes but removed the right to have garissons. By early 1640s the protestants had freedom in religion but no more power to defend themselves. (21:58) 3. The 30 years' War. a. The situation in 1600. (1) Peace of Augsburg. 1555 Emperor established peace with protestants. Guaranteed to rulers freedom to choose protestant (Luther) or Rome. Not allowed to kill dissidents. If a leader becomes a protestant he is to relinquish all property and return to Roman church. (27:08) (2) The Book of Concord. 1580 the Formula of Concord. Established doctrine for many Lutheran churches. Watered down some of Luther's doctrine. Heidelberg Chatechism -- reflected the Reformed standards. (32;22) Ignatius Loyola. Founded the Jesuites. (38:43) (3) The Habsburgs. Sons and nephews were educated by the Jesuits. " | 8.3 Mb | 43:15 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 38 | "[++] VI. B. 3. Thirty Years War. (3) The Habsburgs. (02:35) John Huss. Influence in Bohemia. Council of Constance 1415 burned at the stake. Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) for 200 years stood as a bulwark for protestantism. 1600 took Ferdinand as their chief. His son Matthew Jesuit educated. Bavaria in SE Germany always Roman. (07:59) b. DonauwÜrt a free city on edge of Bavaria. (1607) Matthew put the city under the ban and protestants seized. Calvinists formed a union; Lutherans refused to join. Romanists formed a Catholic League. (15:14) c. Bohemia. Bohemia saw that Ferdinand Catholic archduke of Austria) was in line to be next ruler. Bohemians defenestrated"his representatives (threw out the window). Frederick of Heidelberg (strongly calvinistic) invited to head Bohemia. Called the Winter King (only king for one winter). Ferdinand attacked. At Battle of White Mountain Frederick fled. Occupied. Population dropped from 4 million to 1 million. All churches turned over to Romanists. A crime to have a Bible. (23:46) d. The Palatinate. A section of Germany. Heidelberg capital. Heidelberg library sent to Rome. (27:43) e. Switzerland. Portion near to Austria. Grisson. In 1620 many protestants massacred and it became Romanist. These events began 30 years war. Protestant regions of Germany attacked by Emperor. f. Edict of Restitution 1629 declared all property formerly Romanist and seized before 1552 must be restored in any part of Germany. (32:02) g. Gustavus Adolphus. (Won Sweden and made it protestant). Richeleau feared power of the Emperor and agreed to help an attack on Germany. Adolphus' Grandson Gustavus Vasa (protestant) marched from Sweden into Northern Germany. 1632 he was killed in battle. (37:06) h. Continued war 1632-1648. j. Treaty of Westphalia 1648. Weakened Germany. Divided Germany into about 100 parts Abrogated the Edict of Restitution. Property taken since 1624 returned to Romanists but not earlier. Treaty recognized Calvinism a standing equal to Lutheranism. (42:38) 4. The Results of the 30 year War. a. Protestantism destroyed in Austria Bohemia and Bavaria. b. Northern Netherlands freed from the danger of Spanish reconquest. Belgium which had been largely protestant was Romanist. c. Calvinism recognized. (48:12) d. Germany desolated beyond description. Wrecked by the 30 years war. Agriculture ruined. " | 10.0 Mb | 52:02 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 39 | "[++] [OLD TAPE 40] Review. B. FIrst half of century on continent. 30 years' war. 3. Great Britain 1633-1660. Never a period that looked more hopeful for Christian civilization and never more hopeless than 1660-1685. (01:27) 1. A survey of the changes 1633-1685. a. 1633-1640 Puritanism under pressure. b. 1640-1649 Puritanism struggling. c. 1649-1660 Puritanism supreme. d. 1660-1685 Puritanism destroyed. A godless generation grew up. (07:02) 2. The situation in 1633. Archbishop Abbott died. a. Situation in Scotland. Scotland a barbarous country. Won for the reformation. Mary Queen of Scots ruler but little influence. Fled and her son James became King. Presbyterian church form. James anxious to change to have king in control of church. (11:30) b. The English Squires. The Law compelled people to go to church. (13:17) c. The Puritans. At this time: People who are enthusiastic about the Bible. Cambridge History of English LIterature. Scholars and Scholarship 1600-1660. Reference to study of Bible at this time. Scholarship and learning transformed national life in an extraordinary degree. Small group of Brownings who believed each church should be independent from the national church. Followed Calvin generally. Some leaders had arminian (semi-pelagian) views: that human nature is basically good. (21) Baptism issues of Mennonites and early Baptists. Mode of Baptism. (23:22) Particular Baptists (trongly calvinist) and General Baptists (tended to armenian view). d. The King's party. Ceremony very important. Religious issues secondary. (25:) e. Bishop Laud's Activities. Viewed Church of England was a catholic church not protestant. Bishop of London. Tried to put down puritanism. Move Altar to east side. Stickler on forms and ceremonies. 1633-1640 made Archbishop of Canterbury. Ordered noone should preach on disputed articles such as the sovereignty of God. (27:54) 3. Attenpt to bring the Scottish kirk into subjection. a. James VI and the Kirk. Introduced bishops. Given seats in house of lords in Scotland. (30:51) b. James I and the Scottish Church. (same king now king of England and Scotland). Increased the power of Bishops. Died 1625. (32:29) c. Charles I son of James. Thoroughly English. Lived a moral decent life. Wanted ceremonies in Scottish church as they were in England. Charles ordered that they must have a new form of ceremony in Scotland. d. Acceptance of the new liturgy. 1637 New liturgy to be introduced in Edinburg. Halfway through woman threw stoll at the minister. All Scots declared that they would never allow romanist practices in their country. (36:49) e.The Covenant. Covenanted to stand against innovations and unBiblical changes. f. Bishop Wards. Charles sent an army to compel them and Scots also raised an army. Stalemate Charles pledged to restore the older church. But insincere. (38:51) 4. The Beginning of the English Civil War. a. The political situation. Elizabeth was a tyrant but always used parliamentary forms to enact. James not able to do things that way. Dismissed the parliament. Parliament had the power to levy taxes. Faced with revolt in Scotland Charles needed money. b. The Short Parliament. They asked that he stop interference. Charles dismissed the Parliament. c. Called the Long Parliament 1640-1660. It proceded to ask for remedies. Ordered Strafford to appear to parliament. Executed. Laud seized and then executed. Parliament took strong measures against the King. King came to arrest 5 men who had escaped. Part of parliament went to Oxford with the King and rest stayed in London. " | 8.4 Mb | 45:16 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 40 | "(Review) 4. The Beginning of the English Civil War. In Scotland the people wanted the churches to be directed by the presbytery. In England the mass of people had been ordered by Elizabeth to attend church. For 11 years Charles ruled without a parliament. When the Scots refused to worship as he wanted he moved to raise a force to attack Scotland. (03:37) b. He called the short parliament. It spoke out strongly against his effort to remove liberties. So he dissolved it and called the Convocation to regulate religious matters. King divinely established and that clergy must take an oath never to alter the government of the church by archbishops deans and archdeacons etc. c. The Long parliament. Also refused to fund money to invade Scotland. Wm. Wentworth Earl of Stratford. Accused chief minister sentenced him to death and executed him. Then Laud seized and put in prison 4 years then executed him by (06:51) Bill of attainder a law passed that a person should be executed. This bypassed court trial. So in the American Constitution it provides that no bill of attainder shall be passed."King took a group to Oxford. (11:04) d. Negotiations with the Scots. Parliament wanted Scots to unite with them to oppose the King. Asked the parliament to agree to preservation of the true church in Scotland and bring it in line with the teaching of scripture. This means elder rule instead of bishop rule. Called an assembly in Westminster Abbey. Called the Westminster Assembly. 18:54. 5. the Westminster Assembly. Advisory body called by Parliament. Included Episcopal Bishops and scholars. Included Archbishop James Usher of Ireland. Did not accept Pelagianism (human nature is basically good). (22:34) a. The Calling of the Assembly. Go over the 39 articles. 1644. Proceded to make a confession of Faith. in 1646 presented to Parliament a Confession of Faith which gave a balanced picture. Parliament voted it as the confession of faith of England. (34:05) Largely followed the Usher's Irish Articles. (41:05) b. The Westminster Confession. Replaced the 39 articles. By acts of parliament became the religious viewpoint of the Church of England. Carried to Scotland and made it the confession of the Scotland church. Arranged by Parliament into (43:08) c. The Larger Catechism and later the Shorter Catechism. " | 8.4 Mb | 45:08 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 41 | [+] 5. Westminster Assembly. Called by Parliament to carry out promise made to the Scots to maintain the purity of the reformed churches of Scotland. Wrote the Westminster Confession. Parliament adopted it for England and Scotland adopted it for Scotland. Ireland remained Catholic. (04:33) 6. The Progress of the war between Charles and Parliament. Scots aided Parliament in fighting the Kings forces. a. Varying attitudes (08:54) (1) Developing differences in Scotland 1641. Objected to Charles' effort to introduce forms and ceremonies into the churches. THe engagers and nonengagers. (14:17) (2) Political attitudes in England. Revolt of Parliament not just religious. No house of Lords at this time. Controlled by landholders. (20:54) (3) The religious attitude. Fear against catholics was fear of authoritarianism and oppression if they regained control. (34:59) b. The emergence of Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell. Formed regiment of soldiers following Christian principles. Seemed to be a military genius. New Model Army formed by Parliament based on Cromwell's army. (39:11) c. The failure of the King. New model army able to overcome the King's forces. King fled to the Scots who turned him over to the English Parliament. (43:19) d. Pride's purge. Col. Pride 1648. Barred opposition from Parliament. Put king on trial. Accused of crimes against the nation. (45:07) e. Execution of Charles I. January 1649. London. (46:57) f. The End of Scotch and Irish opposition. Son Charles II made king of Scotland. Invaded England but repelled. Revolt in Ireland suppressed by Cromwell (49:38) 7. The Commonwealth 1649-1660. (1) Cromwell and his problems. | 09.5 Mb | 50:21 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 42 | "[+] 1649-1660 Absolute power in the hands of the Puritans. 1660-1685 Puritanism Destroyed. Charles II crowned in Scotland. Invaded England defeated by Cromwell and Cromwell invaded Scotland. Charles II fled to France. (08:44) 1. Cromwell and His Problem. Natural ability to be come greatest military leader in his country. Also one of the greatest Christians in history. (14:47) a. Failure of attempt to establish a permanent system. (1) Relation to King. Deep-seated feeling of need for royalty. (21:44) (2) Relation to government as a whole both of church and of state. Presbyterian system: local churches decide their own direction but with a presbyterian system to ensure that they follow the main beliefs. (29:22) Two things that might have been done. a. Independent leaders in the Army to say the majority of Parliament want a presbyterian system so let us introduce a presbyterian system in England. But they didn't want a higher organization in the church to control their liberty. So they said let's continue the king make him promise to be true to liberties of the nation support the presbyterian system but the independent leaders said he tells so many lies we can't trust him let's get rid of him. The rump parliament dropped out 2/3 of the parliament and appointed a body to try the king and killed him. Probably should have maintained him as a figurehead. (33:34) b. Opposite situation. The independents in control. Could the presbyterians have preserved presbyterianism if they had given in to the independents? We cannot say. But maybe they could have worked out a system whereby they maintained the power after Cromwell's death. (35:03) a. Failure of attempts to establish a permanent system. Cromwell tried two or three plans but could not get cooperation with enough people. Cromwell given title of protector. Result was they got back the king which resulted in the death of puritanism. (38:17) b. International affairs. Handled better under Cromwell than ever before or for the next 200 years. c. More religious toleration peace and safety than any time before or after. (41:16) 2. Religion during the protectorate. a. the Squires. Local country gentlemen. b. The mass of the Puritans. Wanted system like Scotland. c. The independents. Wanted a level society. d. Rise of the various sects. Ranters Diggers Quakers. (43:53) e. Triers. Preachers should be approved by the Triers. (45:06) 3. Richard Baxter at Kidderminster. Self-educated. " | 9.9 Mb | 52:44 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 43 | "[++] Review: Conditions in England up to 1660. 3. Richard Baxter at Kidderminster. Typical of fine godly men who didn't like the control of Cromwell. (03:38) 4. The End of the Commonwealth. Did not come by force. Cromwell died in 1558. On deathbed said Make my son Richard protector."Almost immediately a revolt but it was put down. After a year of Richard he was pressured to resign. General Monk marched from Scotland and took over England. Called the long parliament and they asked Charles II to come back and be king. A dissolute life. New parliament made it impossible for puritans to preach. (19:00) D. Continent of Europe in the last half of the Seventeenth Century. 1. Germany Austria and Eastern Europe. (21:18) In Hungary the reformed church was strong enough to resist the tide. Mostly Catholic but perhaps 1/5 protestant. Otherwise the Roman church had almost complete control. North Holland remained free from Spanish crown had freedom of worship. Leadership Calvinist but Catholics given toleration. (26:06) 3. French Hugonauts. (28:25) Louis XIV. Hugonauts under pressure gradually. in 1685 the Edict of Toleration was repealed. Hugonauts basically wiped out from France. (32:34) 4. Jansenism. Cornelius Jansen. Followed St. Augustine. Book Augustinus". Teachings of St. Augustine. Grace of God Divine predestination and various features of Augustine's theology. This aroused the Jesuits. Determined to destroy the Jansenists. Blaise Pascal defended the Jansenists. Secretly wrote A Provincial Letter"a series of letters. Considered as among the greatest French literature. Ridiculed the Jesuit position. " | 9.1 Mb | 47:09 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 44 | "[++] Review. Jansenism. Relation to Jesuites. Pascal's Pensees. Jansenism completely destroyed in France. (03:41) Quietism. In Germany called Pietism. Began in Spain Molinos. Personal relation to God. 3 names: (2) Madam Guyon (French) Great stress on relation of individual to God. Q is whether it places stress on personal relationship with God at expense to knowing the truths of the Word of God. A pope found 65 propositions in Molinos' work that he condemned. Seemed to neglect personal salvation to emphasize love of God in himself. 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia on Madam Guyon. Writings widely published. Disciples in the court of Louis XIV were always persons of great piety and exemplary life. (3) Bishop Fenelon. (13:49) E. The Religious life of Great Britain 1660-1700. 1. Re-establishment of the Monarchy. Bulk of puritans wanted a limited monarchy. Independents refused and had control of the Army. (16:45) Charles II promised toleration except for those who directly participated in condemning his father to death. (25:09) Nobody could preach in a church unless he signed a statement that he considered it wicked under any conditions to use force to oppose the King. More than 2000 ministers left the church. All the churches decreased greatly in size. (27:23) 2. Scotland. Charles had a special animosity towards the Presbyterians in Scotland. He detested the covenant that he had signed to support the established reformed churches in Scotland. Charles sent troops to Scotland and required them to follow England's church form. The Covenanters"were arrested and hanged. Argyle arrested and killed. Hundreds of Scotch pastors left their churches. Churches filled with many untrained pastors of a low type. Law against Conventicals -- churches not of the established church. archbishop Sharp. (32:10) The killing time. A period of 28 years 1660-1688 in which many great Scot christians were shot or hanged if they did not repudiate the covenant. (35:36) The Last of the Martyrs. James Renwick. Studied and ordained in Scotland. Taught little groups of Christians. Price put on his head. Hung in Edinburg. After the 28 years the church was allowed to return to Presbyterian system but those who wanted to follow the Episcopal line were allowed to do so. This became the ancester of the Episcopal church of America. (38:01) 3. Destruction of Puritanism in England. John Bunyan. (42:05) 4. Reign of James II 1685-1688. Duke of York. (New York named ) About 1685 he became publically a Roman Catholic. 1688 The Glorious Revolution. James II fled to France and nephew William of Orange took the throne with co-regent Mary II James II's protestant daughter. Toleration but nobody to tolerate. End of the killing time. Puritans free to preach but almost no puritan preachers left. " | 9.9 Mb | 51:15 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 45 | "[++] E. Great Britain in the last third of the 17th Century 5. How God preserved a form of English Puritanism and established a new Christian center. One of the greatest examples of God working providentially. God knew that Puritanism would be destroyed in England. So God prepared ahead of time to produce a new outreach to the whole world. (04:43) Go back to 1586. 2 years before the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth reluctantly signed paper that Mary Queen of Scots should be executed. Davison an earnest puritan persuaded her. Town of Scrooby. Postmaster's son William Breuster. Joined Davison. Queen blamed Davison for killing Mary. Jailed and fined. Bruester went back to Scrooby. Lives seemed ruined. (10:54) Move forward. Just before 1600 2 jailed separatist ministers told that if they moved to America and established a colony they would be released from prision. Bruester and others tried to leave England and go to Holland. Waited in Boston (England) and eventually ended in Holland. Bruester wrote pamphlets and sent to England. (38:01) Move ahead to 1618 a group in Amsterdam tried to go to America but failed. Got permission from King James II to form a colony in America. Took Mayflower. In America many Indians had been killed by pestilence so they survived. (32:01) Samoset and Squanto. (40:55) Moving to 1628-1630. The real reason why the coming of the Pilgrims was important: their success induced about 40000 Puritans to leave Europe and settle in America. In 1640 it appeared that the Puritans were gaining control of Parliament so the emigration stopped. God knew that in the next 50 years Puritanism would be wiped out in England and provided for its survival in America. (48:23) VII. The Eighteenth Century. A. Conditions at the beginning of the century. Church re-established in Scotland. Many leaders killed but it survived. In England toleration but most puritans gone. A few people called the Non-Jurors refused to take the oath under King William. The only group with real life. But God brought life from a different direction which we will look at next time." | 9.4 Mb | 50:55 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 46 | "[++] VII. Eighteenth Century A. Conditions at the Beginning of the Century 1. England. Puritan movement almost killed. Puritan preaching ruled out. But the Bible was available. After 1688 dissention groups could have meetings. New generation grew up with no interest in religion. Puritanism pushed aside. 1688 Glorious Revolution when William III came in Non-Jurists could not submit to the new king. (05:32) Society of Friends. George Fox 1624-1691. The inner light. Thrown into prison for holding private meetings. (09:14) William Penn. King WIlliam settled debt by providing land in America. Pennsylvania. To be tolerant and a refuge for all Christian practices. After the Great Killing In Scotland there was toleration . (21:01) Henry Scougal born during the Killing Time. Died at age 28. Wrote book The Life of God in the Soul of Man". (22:33) 3. The Roman Catholic Countries. (23:54) Early 18th Century In Bishopric of Salzburg was a large group of protestants who kept their faith alive by outwardly conforming to the Catholic Church. 1731 a group driven out of the country. Many went to Georgia. (26:49) 4. The protestant areas of the Continent. 5. North America. By 1700 the great puritan migration lost its force. (29:25) B. The Pietistic Movement. Those who believed hat a personal relationship with God was important. (31:33) (1) Founder of German Pietism. Phillipp Jacob Spener 1635-1705. (2) August Herman Francke (1663-1727). University of Halle. concept of inner nation. Formed organizations for the development of the Christian Life. (34:02) (3) Count Zinzendorf (1700-1760) and the Moravians. Large esate in Eastern Germany. Refugees from Moravia in central Czechoslovakia. Settled on the estate. Acrrnatt. Some came to US and settled in Georgia and Bethlehem PA. (40:22) C. The Life of George Whitfield (1714- ). 1732 at age 18. A Servitor"(servant) at Oxford. 1. Early Life. 2. Holy Club. Leader Charles Wesley. Older brother John returned to Oxford later. Whitfield read Henry Schougal's Life of God in the Soul of Man". Emphasized personal knowledge of Christ as savior and Whitfield was convinced of its truth. " | 9.8 Mb | 52:00 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 47 | [++] C. George Whitfield. 1. Early Life 2. Holy Club 3. Conversion and first preaching. Ordained as deacon in the Church of England. Preached on salvation. Welcome in churches. Charles and John came to America. Called for Whitfield. He came over too. (16:47) 4. Voyage to America. Over the journey to America the whole boat's attitude changed. In Georgia visited with Salzburgers and Moravians. He returned to England to raise money for orphanages. (22:35) 5. Innovations in England. John and Charles Wesley had experiences in England which brought their views in line with Whitfield. Whitfield began outdoor preaching. Went to the coal miners. (31:48) D. The Great Awakinging in America. 1. Jonathan Edwards. 2. David Brainard (Son-in-law of Edwards). (38:53) 3. William and son Gilbert Tennant. Log Cabin College 20 Mi. North of Philadelphia. (40:55) Whitfield's work in America. Involved in founding of U. Pa. (46:37) E. Whitfield's continuing work in Britain and America. 1. Selena Countess of Huntington. Introduced Whitfield to many in the upper classes. | 9.7 Mb | 50:55 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 48 | "[++] Review. 1. Selena Countess of Huntington. Introduced Whitfield to many in the upper classes. (05:39) F. The work of John and Charles Wesley. 1. Parentage and early life. Father was clergy. He became a rector to his father (assistant pastor). Then returned to Oxford as a Fellow of Lincoln College for a number of years. Both John and Charles went to Georgia and worked hard with no visible results. Both came back to England disheartened. (22:35) 4. Conversion. 5. Whitfield's influence. John and Charles had already been converted. Whitfield got them to preach outside of the church. (25:23) 6. Itinerent work begun. Whitfield returned to America for itinerant preaching. Charles and John also did itinerent preaching in England. 7. Facing the Mobs. Church rectors spoke strongly against them. In 10 years of itinerating they were often attacked by mobs. Wesley had the rule always face your opponent."(31:16) 8. John Wesley as Organizer. (37:19) 9. Long continued work. John Wesley continued for 50 years. (40:13) The Church of England at this time tended to Armenianism. 10. The Still ones. These were Calvinism carried to extreme notions of predestination. In reaction John Wesley tended to attack some Calvinistic doctrines in his writings. Whitfield reacted strongly. Brief period of bitterness. James Orr says Between Arminius and Calvin Wesley is about half way between but a littile more on the Calvinist side. | 9.0 Mb | 46:32 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 49 | "[+-] Review. George Whitfield. Itinerant preaching throughout England. (13:06) John and Charles unlike Whitfield were not innovators. They were conservatives in every sense of the word. (22:18) Whitfield's work to coal miners and open air itinerate preaching was continued by John and Charles Wesley when Whitfield had to return to America. John continued this for 50 years. (28:30) He couldn't understand why Americans would revolt against King George III. (29:13) 8. John Wesley as organizer. As people were converted he organized them into classes (Societies for the Development of Spiritual Life) with leaders to teach the spiritual life. (34:47) 9. Long continued work. Attacked by constables clergy the mob and eventually the opposition subsided. (38:45) 10. The Arminian-Calvinist dispute. Wesley not interested in saying what is the truth"because it is all in the Church. Under Charles I Arminians too control of the church and ignores some Calvin doctrines. Wesley believed it was God's sovereignty. (41:45) Dissenter churches. Most dissenter churches either got dried up into arguing over small doctrinal matters or else given up their belief in the deity of Christ and become in effect Unitarians. Wesley preached on grace of God that specifically denied some calvinistic teachings on the sovereignty of God. Whitfield was incensed. But ultimately realized that their practical differences were not great. (45:07) After Whitfield's death among their followers there arose an antagonism. Wesley issued a quarterly called The Arminian Quarterly took a stand against the still ones". A sharp division. The Welsh Methodists followed Whitfield closely. But the bulk of followers of Wesley followed his Arminian Quarterly. (46:54) Augustus Toplady defended Calvinism and sometimes attacked Wesley's views. He wrote Rock of Ages Cleft for Me Let Me Hide Myself in Thee." An ultra-Calvinist says You can't hide yourself you just wait for the Lord to pick you up and put you there."You can't discuss salvation without using terms that imply that a man must turn to the Lord." | 9.0 Mb | 48:29 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 50 | "[++] Review. 10. The Arminian-Calvinist dispute. Flared between Wesleys and Whitfield but did not last. Whitfield felt the doctrines were vital and hurt to hear them criticized. Wesley thought the doctrines were being taken to an extreme which resulted in a lethargy and failure to do what the Lord wanted one to do. After short period they agreed that the common purpose is to win others to the Lord. After their lives there were acrimonious disputes. (01:48) Augustus Toplady. Spoke harshly of those who disagreed with him on the sovereignty of God. (04:38) 11. Wesley's relation to the Established Church. a. Wesley's attitude. Conservative. Raised in the established church. But firm on justification by faith alone. Endorsed divine right of Kings. Followed doctrinal attitude of church. Insisted never have services when the church of England had them. (07:28) b. The attitude of the Bishops. Enthusiasm is bad. Preaching outside the church is bad. (11:34) c. The difficulty of securing ordained help. Wesley concluded that the Presbyter and the Bishop describe the same person. So when there is a need for an ordained man he felt he had authority to ordain ministers for Scotland. (16:45) 12. Separation of Methodists from Anglicans. In America Methodists went to places where there is no established church. (19:52) Asbury. Wesley appointed Asbury to be a superintendant over the work of building up societies in America. After Revolutionary war in 1781 Coke was sent to America. Couldn't go to England to ordain. Asked Wesley to give them the authority to ordain others. John Wesley ordained Coke and Asbury as Superintendants"with the authority to ordain others as ministers. People didn't understand what a superintendant was. After the Wesleys' death they adopted the name Methodist Episcopal"and held regular services. In England Wesley was the acknowledged leader in England. (31:06) G. Results of the Evangelical Revival. 1. Foundations of the Methodist Church. (32:33) 2. The Re-awakening of Evangelical fervor in many denominations. It effected all churches in America. a. The evangelical party in the Church of England. For a century or more it was a strong influence in the church. (34:43) b. The Dissenting churches. (36:57) 3. Social Reforms. (38:56) 4. the general raising of moral standards. Contrast literature of 1700s with that of 1850. Belief that there are great moral principles that are vital. The Evangelical revival was losing its force but its effects were still in place. George Eliot. (43:24) H. Conditions in America at last half of 18th century. Charles Dickens travelled widely in America. A woman could go anywhere day or night in perfect safety. Benjamin Franklin. Catherine Drinker Bowen book Miracle at Philadelphia"Franklin said the small progress we have made is melancholy of the results of human understanding.... How has it happened sir that we have not hitherto applied to the Father of Lights to illumine our understanding?"In the war "our prayers were heard." | 9.6 Mb | 49:47 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 51 | "[+-] Review. Speech of Benjamin Franklin. (07:49) John Witherspoon. Great preacher In Scotland but got into difficulty for criticising the behavior of some boys in prominent families and he concluded that his ministry was affected and moved to America. (12:03) 3. Church of England after the war. Bishops fled back to England. A group formed the Protestant Episcopal church and arranged to ask the Church of England to ordain a bishop. They refused. Went to a group in the Church of Scotland. In Aberdeen Scotland a bishop ordained him to be bishop in America. But Church of England in Maryland so another person persuaded the British parliament to ordain a bishop. (18:18) 4. The Decline of Religion after the war. (25:49) J. Jesuites. 1767 Spain expelled Jesuites from Spain and its territories. 1773 Pope Clement IV. Bull declared that the Jesuites were closed down. (37:14) K. Voltaire and the French Revolution. (42:28) L. Scotland in the 18th Century. 1. General Situation 1688 James II driven out of England. (47:28) 2. Re-establishment of lay patrons in the church in the time of Queen Anne. Act of 1711. These were wealthy landowners who could exercise patronage put men of their choice as pastors in the churches in their area. Ebenezer Erskine preached strongly against this practice of patronage. Suspended from ministry so formed the Secession church separate from the established church of Scotland." | 9.5 Mb | 51:00 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 52 | "[++(s)] Review. L. Scotland in the 18th Century. (00:50) 1. The General Situation. James II tried to change the church of Scotland but failed. Charles II who crushed puritanism in England unable to control Scotland. Tried to impose certain forms and ceremonies. (05:33) The period of the Covenanters. The Killing TIme 1660-1688. Didn't want the order of service dictated by the King of England. In William III time they petitioned to return to the Presbyterian system. He reluctantly agreed. Cameronians -- until the church is free from all control and Jesus Christ is acknowledged as the head of the church. Moved to America as the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Another split-off was the Episcopal Church of Scotland which retained the forms and ceremonies. (10:43) 2. Lay Patronage re-established. King William's successor was his wife Queen Ann who didn't live long. In 1707 Act of Union: England and Scotland united into one nation under one parliament. (16:07) In 1712 re-established lay patronage throughout Scotland. A Noble's first Son carried on the title. The Second Son would commonly train to be in the church. Most land is owned by a few people who own large tracts of land. The Parliament re-established that the land owner the Patron (who pays most of the taxes that support the church) could present a man as minister of the church. (20:36) 3. The Secession Church 1733. Ebenezer Erskine preached strongly against this practice of patronage. Censured dropped from the church. Called the Secession Church. Migrated to America. (26:22) 4. The Relief Church. 1752 Thomas Gilespe formed the Relief Church to get away from the oppression of the laypeople. At end of 18th Century the moderates were coming into the majority of the church (disliked enthusiasm). (28:58) VIII. Nineteenth Century. A. Scotland in the first half of the 19th C. 1. The persisting problem of patronage. 2. Increase of evangelical fervor. The moderates who had been in majority now minory. (30:28) Robert Murray McChain died at age 30. Made real impact in Scotland. Strong pre-millennialist. Wanted to spread the Gospel abroad. Friends Andrew and Horatius Bonar. (33:27) 3. Thomas Chalmers. In 1833 a Majority of Church in Scotland decided to take a strong stand against patronage. 10 year struggle against civil authorities. The Disruption. 1843 Thomas Chalmers left the church. 500 ministers formed the Free Church. Soon became the leading church in Scotland. " | 8.3 Mb | 44:27 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 53 | "[++] Review. 1843 disruption in Scotland. Chalmers died 3 years after the Disruption. (10:47) B. England in the first half of the 19th C. 1. The Great Evangelical Movement. Wesleys and Whitfield. Reached many in the next generation. (15:51) a. Robert Raites. Son of printer. Organized Sunday School to reach children. b. John Newton and William Cowper. c Isaac Milner. Scholar. His student Chales Simeon 1759-1836. at Cambridge. Founded Intervarsity Fellowship. Three times taken over by modernists and had to be rebuilt over again. Student William Wilberforce 1759-1833. Wealthy. Devoted life to religious enterprises. In British Parliament. High Church - forms and ceremonies set by Parliament and the Queen. Low church -- stress study of scripture less on ceremony. Simeon "founder of the low church". (25:37) d. William Carey and the Missionary Movement. End of 18th Century. A Particular Baptist. Knew many languages. Formed a Missionary Board. within 5-6 years English and Scots also formed missionary boards around 1800. Carey went to India. e. Wide effect on English Life. (31:22) 2. The Tractarian Movement (The Oxford movement). Emphasis on forms ceremonies apostolic succession. Issued tracts. Favor (Faith of our Fathers) became a Roman priest. Newman (eventually joined the Catholic church). (38:19) Pusey. Felt the evangelical party was working on a superficial level. Worked on attacks against the higher criticism. (39:39) 3. Liberalization of the Church. The Broad Church (in addition to High and low Church). Tending in a liberal direction (doctrine doesn't really matter). (44:35) C. Rise of Unitarianism In New England. 1. The Parish System. Turning away from the belief in the Deity of Christ. Became an active movement for social services and human betterment. 2. Aviel Holmes in Cambridge had to leave church because the parish insisted on Unitarian messages. Son Oliver Wendall Holmes (Supreme Court Justice). Harvard went unitarian. " | 9.7 Mb | 50:52 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 54 | "[++] (12:39) 3. New England Unitarianism Took over Harvard Yale the wealthy churches. The trinitarians formed the Congregational churches. (14:59) 4. Founding of Andover Seminary. Trinitarian. Became unitarian. Joined with Harvard. (21:24) D. Literary Criticism. Attitudes of 1st half of century. Germany. Rise of skeptical school of history and literature. Leader F. A. Wols. Founder of science of Philology. (Higher criticism) Started with Homer. But GÜethe said Homer shows a unity. Reconstruction of the Pentateuch. Eichhorn. (28:16) Lower criticism: study to determin the correct text. Higher criticism: is it one work or composed of different sources. This method given up with all literature other than the Bible. (40:47) E. Character of the Victorian Age. Victoria brought in a higher moral and ethical standard. (42:26) Rise of Darwinism and how it destroyed this standard. Gertrude Himmelfarb "Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution". Renan (French Skeptic) "The free thinker should be very particular as to his morals."Morals with no basis. (47:14) F. The rise of Darwinism. 1. Evolution before Darwin. As old as the Greeks: EÆther God made it or it arose by thoroughly natural circumstances. Father Erasmus Darwin had a worked-out theory. Lamarck had extensive theories of evolution. Darwin won wide acceptance by giving an explanation of how it occurred. Linnaeus. " | 9.8 Mb | 50:27 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 55 | "[++] Review. F. The Rise of Darwinism. How it came. Lamarck. 2. Linnaeus 1707-1778. A great scientist and a great Christian man. Originator of the modern system of taxonomy (classification). family genus species. Double name: Genus + species (Homo sapiens). Linnaeus viewed that each kind was a special creation. Problem: Reading into the Bible the particular scientific theory of their day. (13:06) "Kinds"in the Bible. (18:03) 3. Darwin's First Fifty Years (1809-1859). Grandson of Erasmus Darwin. Physician. Anti-Christian. (23:03) Naturalist on the Beagle. Five year voyage. Birds on Galapagos islands. (26:29) God created the kinds but how big are the kinds? There is certainly change within kinds as we can see all around us. (27:57) Charles Lyell. (32:16) 4. Origin of "Origin of Species". Malthus on population. Population increases faster than food supply. If not for wars and pestilences we would all be starving. (36:33) Huxley. (37:33) Alfred Russel Wallace. (40:27) Publication of Origin of Species. The world was ready. The evangelical revival had run its course. Belief among the educated classes was waning. Anonymous book written about 10 years before Vestiges of Creation (later identified as Chambers). (47:28) 5. William Henry Huxley [correction: Thomas Henry Huxley]. (Not Aldous or Julian Huxley: these were sons of his son Leonard). Made evolution widely accepted by the younger scientists. Called Darwin's bulldog. " | 9.4 Mb | 51:06 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 56 | "[++] F. Rise of Darwinism. 5. Thomas Henry Huxley. Travelled on the Rattlesnake as doctor. Excellent speaker. Friend of Herbert Spencer. Huxley at a meeting at Oxford after publication of Origin of Species. Wilberforce was scheduled to speak. Owen there too. Huxley Followed Wilberforce's talk and demolished his arguments which were emotionally not factually based. In 10 years a change in England. The younger scientists and schools adopted Darwin's evolutionary views. (22:18) Huxley on importance of the Bible in education. Essential for teaching of morality and high ethics. The ethics that people take for granted is not natural to humanity but needs to be taught. (23:24) Towards the end of his life he saw many people advancing the idea that the survival of the fittest is the way that humanity moves forward. He began to attack those ideas. (24:01) "I know no study which is so unutterably saddening as that of the evolution of humanity as it is set forth in the annals of history. Out of the darkness of prehistoric ages man emerges with the marks of his lowly origin strong upon him. He is a brute only more intelligent than the other brutes a blind prey to impulses which as often as not lead him to destruction; a victim to endless illusions which make his mental existence a terror and a burden and fill his physical life with barren toil and battle. He attains a certain degree of physical comfort and develops a more or less workable theory of life in such favourable situations as the plains of Mesopotamia or of Egypt and then for thousands and thousands of years struggles with varying fortunes atte nded by infinite wickedness bloodshed and misery to maintain himself at this point against the greed and the ambition of his fellow-men." (24:21) Huxley's 1893 Romanes lecture "Evolution and Ethics". Began to attack "We must not let the evolutionary idea be central in our ethics". [Direct quotes from the lecture added by DCB: "Let us understand once for all that the ethical progress of society depends not on imitating the cosmic process still less in running away from it but in combating it."The struggle for existence tends to eliminate those less fitted to adapt themselves to the circumstances of their existence. The strongest the most self-assertive tend to tread down the weaker. But the influence of the cosmic process on the evolution of society is the greater the more rudimentary its civilization. Social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another which may be called the ethical process ; the end of which is not the survival of those who may happen to be the fittest in respect of the whole of the conditions which obtain but of those who are ethically the best. As I have already urged the practice of that which is ethically best -- what we call goodness or virtue -- involves a course of conduct which in all respects is opposed to that which leads to success in the cosmic struggle for existence. In place of ruthless self-assertion it demands self-restraint; in place of thrusting aside or treading down all competitors it requires that the individual shall not merely respect but shall help his fellows; its influence is directed not so much to the survival of the fittest as to the fitting of as many as possible to survive. It repudiates the gladiatorial theory of existence. It demands that each man who enters into the enjoyment of the advantages of a polity shall be mindful of his debt to those who have laboriously constructed it; and shall take heed that no act of his weakens the fabric in which he has been permitted to live. Laws and precepts are directed to the end of curbing the cosmic process and reminding the individual of his duty to the community to the protection and influence of which he owes if not existence. It is from neglect of these plain considerations that the fanatical individualism of our time attempts to apply the analog of cosmic nature to society."If there is a generalization from the facts of human life which has the assent of thoughtful men in every age and country it is that the violator of ethical rules constantly escapes the punishment which he deserves; that the wicked flourishes like a green bay tree while the righteous begs his bread; that the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children; that in the realm of nature ignorance is punished just as severely as wilful wrong ; and that thousands upon thousands of innocent beings suffer for the crime or the unintentional trespass of one."]. This lecture disgusted his liberal friends. (27:10) Earnst Haeckel. Recapitulation. (30:02) 6. The Sweeping Victory of Darwinism. (34:41) b. Substitution by Christians of Linnaeus' science for the Bible's treatment of "Kinds". (37:02) Days of Creation. (40:54) c. Activity of Huxley and Haeckel. (41:32) 7. Some Considerations. a. Evolution is not really science but history. " | 8.7 Mb | 46:41 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 57 | "[++] 7. Considerations regarding evolution. b. No evidence of the types of history required. c. Merely a guess. d. Generally accepted on authority. (02:34) G. A. Kerkut "Implications of Evolution"on teaching in Cambridge. Until 1927 had to show they understood Paley's "Evidence of Christianity". Today a similar situation from a different viewpoint. What is scientific argument against Evolutionary Theory? Authority is based on a book. Not personal knowledge. "taking on faith what he cannot understand." (09:01) Seven basic assumptions that are often not mentioned in discussions of evolution. "Every one of these is an assumption about which there is either no or very little evidence. It may be true but you can't prove it."Special Theory: there are a few cases in which there has been observed a new interesting form. No case under natural conditions. (10:45) General Theory: All things have developed from one single source which itself came from a non-living form. "The evidence that supports it is not sufficiently strong to allow us to consider it as anything more than a working hypothesis. It is not clear whether the changes that brought about speciation are of the same nature as brought about the development of new phyla. The answer will be found by further experimental work and not by dogmatic assertions that the general theory of evolution must be correct because there is nothing else that will satisfy to take its place." 8. A glance at the type of evidence presented for Evolution. a. Paleontology. Fossils. (17:10) The Biogenetic Law of Embryology. Haeckel: Ontology recapitulates phylogeny. Vestigal organs. (21:15) Geographical Distribution. (27:40) 9. The question of Process. Evolution by J.M. Savage "No serious biologist today doubts the fact of evolution. The development of all existing organisms from pre-existing types by purely evolutionary processes."2 problems. second is "What processes are responsible for major changes above the species level."(29:47) 10. The extension of evolution to all fields of knowledge. Moorer. "The Dogma of Evolution."The biologists would like to shake the sociologist off his shoulder and the physicist would like to shake both of them off his shoulder. (34:02) Saltation. 11. The basic question for the Christian: Does God exist at all? (40:13) The whole intellectual world has been greatly effected by evolution. The theological world has been greatly effected by the Graf-Wellhausen theory and that has been greatly effected by evolution. G. Rise and spread of the Wellhausen theory. 1. The Background of Literary Criticism. Source Criticism. 2. Early Hegelian interpretation. 1753-1876 Many theories advanced. Ideas in Bible came from natural processes. 3. The Union of these two forces in the Graf-Wellhausen theory. " | 9.3 Mb | 49:28 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 58 | "[++] G. Rise and spread of the Wellhausen theory. 1. Background of literary criticism. Skepticism as to the dependability of records of ancient times and extreme credibility as to the ability of modern thinkers to reconstruct what may have happened. 2. Early Hegelian interpretation. 3. The Union of these two forces in the Graf-Wellhausen theory. (05:12) Graf. (06:32) Abraham Kƒnen Leiden. (07:22) Wellhausen. Combined Evolutionary forms to the theory. (11:05) 4. Application of Hegelian and Divisive Theories to other books of the Old and New Testament. (12:02) Book of Isaiah. (16:45) Application to the New Testament. (18:32) Darwin's curiousity about great change in attitude since his grandfather Erasmus Darwin regarding illegitimate children . (20:44) Ferdinand Christian Baur 1792-1860. Applied theories to New Testament. (22:11) 5. William Robertson Smith and the Free Church of Scotland. (24:46) A.D. Davison introduced Wellhausen concepts. Smith a student of his. Professor of Old Testament at Aberdeen. Andrew and Horatius Bohner brought charges against W. R. Smith.Robinson Smith removed from Professorship. Became editor of Encyclopedia Britannica. (32:34) Free Church of Scotland went to Graf-Wellhausen views. (32:58) 6. Destruction of Andover Seminary. Declined under Higher Criticism closed and merged with Harvard. (34:34) 7. Union Seminary and the Briggs Trial. Charles Augustus Briggs. Strong supporter of Wellhausen Theory. General Introduction to the Study of the Holy Scripture. Published 1899. Republished by Baker Book. Briggs tried by General Assembly of Presbyterian Church. Left and went to Episcopal church. 1892. (38:25) 8. Attempt to hold to Christianity without the Bible. (41:07) 9. Old-Fashioned Liberalism. Early 1900s. Prof. Von Harnack. Book "What is Christianity". Jesus a wonderful man but not God. Getting away from supernatural Christianity. (46:05) F. The Roman Catholic Church in the 19th Century. 1814 Jesuits re-established. (47:33) Bishop Carrol. Great influence in Maryland. 1854 Immaculate Conception doctrine. 1864 Syllabus of Errors. Bible Societies Separation of Church and State etc. were errors. " | 09.5 Mb | 50:46 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 59 | "[++] Review. F. The Roman Catholic Church in the 19th Century. (01:31) Pius IX 1846-1878. Doctrines established: Immaculate Conception. Assumption of Mary. 1864 Syllabus of Errors. 80 Errors. Separation of Church. Church not supreme. Bible Societies. (06:57) Vatican Council I Dec 1869-July 1870. Papal Infallability. Opposition by Lord Acton. Cannot deny history Power Corrupts and Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely. [END OF TAPE at 10:00]" | 1.9 Mb | 10:03 |
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| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 60 | "[++] Review. Evangelism in the 19th Century. Finney Evangelist First half. Dwight L. Moody Second Half. Little Education but joined by well-educated men. R. A. Torrey. Latter years Moody had some leanings towards Modernists. His sons became modernistic college presidents. (04:20) Charles Haddon Spurgeon in England. Amazingly well self-educated. Descendent of a long line of Puritan ministers. Age 16 asked to preach at a church a short distance from Cambridge. There for 2 1/2 years. Invited to speak at a London church. Became pastor for almost 50 years. Studied Calvin and the Puritan writers. (27:11) Down Grade Controversy 1886. Magazine The Sword and Trowel. Spurgeon's attack on attitue of the Baptist Union that contained some modernists. Spurgeon said it should have no modernists "The atonement is scouted the inspiration of scripture is derided the Spirit is degraded into an influence"[Full quotation is: "A new religion has been initiated which is no more Christianity than chalk is cheese; and this religion being destitute of moral honesty palms itself off as the old faith with slight improvements and on this plea usurps pulpits which were erected for gospel preaching. The Atonement is scouted the inspiration of Scripture is derided the Holy Spirit is degraded into an influence the punishment of sin is turned into fiction and the resurrection into a myth and yet these enemies of our faith expect us to call them brethren and maintain a confederacy with them! DCB] Scofield formally withdrew from the Union. (36:23) Beginning of Widespread indoctrination in anti-Christian ideas in the 19th Century and rise of Darwinism and Marxism and related movements. IX Twentieth Century. (36:49) A. Spread of Evolution and the Higher Criticism. 1. Great increase in education. 2. The Anti-Christian movement in Eductaion. John Dewey. Decried A tendency to teach words. Opposed to teaching of absolutes. Relativistic approach. Communistic approach downgrading America. (40:45) 3. Increasing growth of centralization and formalization. Amounts to brainwashing. (42:38) B. The Social Gospel. (43:55) b. This world is God's Creation we have a duty to stand for what is right good and helpful. But it is a secondary goal. (45:09) c. The best social improvement plans fail because of man's sin. d. The greatest improvement that can be made comes from changing man's character. And that is through the Gospel of Jesus Christ. (51:46) e. The Christian should do what he can to make a better world. f. The greatest improvement came in protestant countries as a result of directly Christian work. Calmers in Edinburg. 2. Dangers in Christian efforts in Social improvement." | 9.9 Mb | 51:20 |
Church History |
| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 61 | [++] Review Social Gospel. B.2. (02:14) c. The danger of building on human ideas instead of God's word. (05:08) 3. The modernist socialist takeover of our educational system. a. The effect of widespread acceptance of materialist philosophy. (08:58) We have many things that can be explained mechanistically. But this doesn't mean that everything can be explained mechanistically. (10:13) b. The effect of the higher critical teachings. (14:49) c. The effect of the relativist attitude on ethics. (23:25) d. Substitution of other ends for Evangelical emotion. (31:07) C. The rise of Communism. 1. The Industrial Revolution. (37:04) 2. Heinrich Marx 1818-1883 and Engels. (38:10) 3. Principle things that Marx stood for. a. Idea of Class War. Communist Manifesto. Capital 1865. | 8.1 Mb | 42:01 |
Church History |
| Post-Reformation Church History (1968) 62 | "[++] D. Roman Catholic Church in the 20th Century. (00:28) Papal statement declaring the Assumption of Mary: her body was taken up into Heaven. (02:02) Pope John XXIII called the Second Vatican Council. (11:48) E. Existentialism. The theological movement within the Protestant World. 1. The Older Modernism -1920. Miracles not true Bible full of errors. But Getting better all the time we just have to keep the Commandments and everything will be find. (15:10) 2. Karl Barth. (23:09) 3. Soren Kierkegard. His work is the background of Existentialist movement. (30:19) 4. Tillich Niebuhr and Bultmann. Demythologization. (32:03) 5. Secularism. Harvey Cox "The Secular City."(33:08) 6. Moral degeneracy. (34:18) 7. The Effect in Missionland. (36:52) F. The Ecumenical Movement. One of two substitute movements that people find as outlet for their zeal when they leave Christianity: (1) Communism and (2) Getting churches together. " | 8.9 Mb | 46:29 |
Church History |
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